Предметный указатель к Сочинениям И. В. Сталина, тома 1–13​

Указатель охватывает тринадцать томов Сочинений И. В. Сталина и содержит около 24 000 ссылок на страницы. Составлен Джеком Мэтлоком (Колумбийский университет) при участии Ф. Холлинга, издан Госдепартаментом США в 1955 году. Записи оставлены на языке оригинала, алфавитный порядок латинский, вхождения в тома привязаны к английским заголовкам.

Ссылки вида III, 123 ведут на страницу 123 третьего тома; ссылка на диапазон страниц ведёт на первую страницу диапазона. Основной массив записей находится в Части I.

Номера страниц с пометами n (примечания ИМЭЛ) и a (приложения) ссылками не снабжены, сталинский раздел опирается на публикации М. Грачёва, где примечания разнесены по работам без постраничной разбивки. Помета c отсылает к «Биографической хронике» томов, биографические материалы из настоящей публикации сочинений Сталина исключены.

Помета f означает, что обсуждение продолжается за указанной страницей; passim – упоминания вразброс в интервале, строчные римские цифры обозначают страницы предисловий.

Перевод введения​

К изданию Jack F. Matlock, Jr. An Index to the Collected Works of J. V. Stalin. External Research Paper No. 118. Department of State, External Research Staff, Office of Intelligence Research. January 15, 1955.

Содержание указателя​

Введение — с. i

Часть I. Предметы и организации — с. 1

Часть II. Личные имена, периодика, книги и статьи — с. 127

Часть III. Работы Ленина и Сталина — с. 171

A. Работы Сталина, вошедшие в тома или упомянутые в тексте — с. 171
B. Работы Ленина, упомянутые в тексте — с. 189
C. Сборники Ленина и Сталина — с. 193
D. Дополнения — с. 194

1. Охват материала​

Указатель охватывает тринадцать томов русского издания сочинений Сталина, вышедших к 1954 году:

Институт Маркса — Энгельса — Ленина при ЦК ВКП(б). И. В. Сталин — Сочинения. Москва, Государственное издательство политической литературы, 1946—1951.

Помимо основного текста охвачены предисловия, примечания и биографические приложения. В указатель вошли: 1) все личные имена и названия организаций; 2) названия всех периодических изданий, книг и статей; 3) основные предметные категории.

Записи расположены следующим образом: Часть I — темы и названия организаций, Часть II — личные имена и названия, Часть III — названия работ Сталина и Ленина. Предметные записи, помещённые под личными именами (например, «Троцкий — деятельность в 1917 г.»), включены также в Часть II.

Составитель стремился отразить все упоминания личных имён и названий, тогда как предметные записи вносились лишь тогда, когда отсылка представляла существенную пользу для исследователя. В отдельных случаях значимым признавалось само упоминание темы в определённом контексте, даже если о самой теме говорилось немного; но, как правило, беглые упоминания широких предметов вроде «буржуазии» или «революции» не отмечались. В сомнительных случаях составитель склонялся к включению записи.

Пользователю настоятельно рекомендуется всегда обращаться к перекрёстным записям по интересующей его теме. Материал, отражённый в перекрёстных ссылках, нередко столь же важен, как и записи под самим заголовком.

2. Формулировка записей​

a — Предметы

Большинство записей помещено под «ключевым» словом, а не под первым словом словосочетания (например, «Classes—abolition», а не «Abolition of classes»). В других случаях запись давалась под более общим заголовком, когда представлялось желательным свести вместе разные стороны общей темы (например, «State, capitalist»; «State, feudal»; «State, socialist» и т. д.). Поскольку составитель стремился избегать подзаписей внутри подзаписей, возникли известные непоследовательности. Так, указатель содержит ряд записей под «Proletariat», но не имеет записи «Proletariat—dictatorship of». Последняя тема, очевидно, весьма важна и обсуждалась в ряде контекстов; поэтому она отражена как «Dictatorship of proletariat» с рядом подзаписей. В этом и подобных случаях варианты формулировок связаны перекрёстными ссылками.

Особого внимания заслуживают приёмы указания тем, связанных с коммунистической партией, и способ различения царской и советской России.

Записи, относящиеся к партии, разделены на три основные хронологические группы, в значительной мере совпадающие с изменениями названия: Российская социал-демократическая рабочая партия (РСДРП) — для записей до 1912 года; Российская социал-демократическая рабочая партия (большевиков) (РСДРП(б)) — для записей за период 1912 — октябрь 1917; и Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза (РСДРП(б), РКП(б), ВКП(б)) — для записей, относящихся к партии после взятия власти большевиками в 1917 году. Поскольку за период между 1912 и 1917 годами работ Сталина в издание не вошло, «Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks)» обычно относится именно к партии в 1917 году, до Октябрьской революции. В перекрёстных ссылках употребляются сокращения RSDRP, RSDRP(b) и CPSU; последнее — сокращение английского названия, поскольку оно покрывает три разных русских наименования.

Местные коммунистические партии в Советском Союзе помещены под «Communist Party of (название места)». Зарубежные же компартии даны под прилагательным национальной принадлежности: French Communist Party, German Communist Party и т. д.

Составитель нередко считал полезным указать, относится ли тема к царской России или к Советской России. Для этого «Russia» употребляется применительно к царской России, а «Soviet Union» — к России после октября 1917 года. «Soviet Union», таким образом, обозначает и РСФСР до 1924 года, и СССР после его образования. Даты, относящиеся к русским событиям, приводятся по старому стилю до октября 1917 года и по новому стилю после.

Уместно сказать о терминологии отдельных предметных записей. В соответствии с предметом многие записи неизбежно сформулированы в марксистской терминологии или в терминологии Сталина. Само собой разумеется, такая формулировка не означает, что составитель принимает эту терминологию или её следствия. Записи вроде «United States—financial enslavement of other countries» включены потому, что точно передают сказанное Сталиным, тогда как более нейтральная формулировка (скажем, «United States—financial relations with foreign countries») затемнила бы характер отсылки. Ни одна запись, следовательно, не имеет абсолютного значения, но соотносится лишь с текстовой отсылкой.

b — Имена

За фамилией следует имя или инициалы, если они известны составителю. Русские имена, даже иностранного происхождения, обычно даны в транслитерации, кроме случаев, когда за лицом прочно закрепилось иное написание (например, Aikhenvald вместо Eichenwald, Shvarts вместо Schwartz, но Ehrenburg, Tchaikowsky, Witte и т. д.). Нерусские имена приводятся в оригинальном написании, когда оно известно составителю. Поскольку времени на обстоятельные разыскания не было, некоторые второстепенные лица записаны в наиболее вероятной форме, с возможными вариантами в скобках. Тюркские имена из русской Средней Азии и Кавказа даны в русской транслитерации, без попытки установить тюркскую форму. Псевдонимы даны как перекрёстные ссылки, кроме случаев, когда псевдоним стал обычным именем (например, Горький, Ленин, Сталин, Троцкий). Отдельно проиндексированы только псевдонимы Сталина; они помещены под «Stalin» в Части II.

Организации перечислены по переведённому названию, кроме тех, что обычно приводятся без перевода. Эти записи включены в Часть I, поскольку многие организации влекут за собой обширные подзаписи, по природе своей предметные.

c — Названия

Периодические издания даны на языке оригинала, за которым следуют перевод и краткая характеристика в скобках:

«Brdzola» («Struggle» — Georgian SD newspaper, pub. Sept., 1901 — Dec., 1902).

«Iskra» («The Spark» — Russian RSDRP newspaper).

Книги и статьи даны в английском переводе под именем автора, когда оно известно, иначе — только под переведённым названием:

Engels, F. — works — «The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State».

Но (когда автор неизвестен): «A Historic Turn» (article in «Rabocheye Delo»).

При алфавитном расположении названий начальные артикли не учитываются.

Все названия книг и статей помещены в Части II со следующими исключениями: 1) книги и статьи Сталина и Ленина вынесены в особый раздел, Часть III, ввиду обширности списка; 2) некоторые издания конференций и съездов, такие как стенографические отчёты и протоколы, помещены в Части I под соответствующей организацией.

d — Отсылки к томам и страницам

Тома обозначены прописными римскими цифрами, за которыми следуют номера страниц арабскими цифрами (например: I, 25, 73, 247; II, 36, 122, 343; III, 36, 145 и т. д.).

Страницы предисловий (как сталинских, так и написанных Институтом Маркса — Энгельса — Ленина) даны строчными римскими цифрами (iv, vii, xiv).

Отсылки к примечаниям в конце тома даются с добавлением к номеру страницы буквы «n» (413n, 427n и т. д.).

Отсылки к разделу «Биографическая хроника» сопровождаются буквой «c».

Особые приложения с материалами, написанными не Сталиным, — буквой «a».

Примечания, помещённые на той же странице, что и текст, особо не обозначаются, поскольку большинство из них написано самим Сталиным. (Примечания в конце тома предположительно подготовлены Институтом Маркса — Энгельса — Ленина.) Номера страниц с пометами «n», «c» или «a», таким образом, отсылают к материалу, написанному не Сталиным, тогда как арабские цифры без уточняющих букв отсылают к материалу, написанному Сталиным. Исключение составляют лишь немногочисленные редакционные примечания на страницах текста, а также вопросы и ответы других лиц, записанные во время интервью.

Номера страниц с пометой «f» означают, что обсуждение предмета продолжается на нескольких страницах, но точный его конец установить затруднительно.

Когда за двумя номерами страниц следует «passim», это означает, что предмет неоднократно упоминается в промежутке между ними, но непрерывного его обсуждения нет.

3. Расположение записей​

Принципы расположения записей можно показать на сокращённом перечне записей со словом «revolution»:

Revolution
— expansion
— organization
Revolution in France
Revolution in Russia
— inevitability
— leadership
Revolution, bourgeois-democratic
— aims
— leadership
Revolution, bourgeois-democratic, in Russia
— role of peasantry
— role of proletariat
Revolution, continual
Revolution, socialist
— prerequisites
— role of proletariat
Revolution, socialist, in Russia
Revolution of 1848 in France
Revolution of 1905
— organization
— role of RSDRP
— role of Soviets
Revolution of 1905—strikes and uprisings
— December uprising
— Kronstadt rebellion

Следует обратить внимание на следующее:

а) Простая запись стоит первой, за ней — подзаписи в алфавитном порядке.

б) Запись, уточнённая указанием места, образует новую запись (например, «Revolution in France», «Revolution in Russia»). Они, в свою очередь, могут иметь подзаписи в алфавитном порядке.

в) Записи, уточнённые прилагательным, следуют за всеми простыми записями и записями с «in ...». Так, «Revolution, bourgeois-democratic» идёт после «Revolution in Russia». Эти записи с определением также могут иметь подзаписи и образовывать новые записи при указании места: «Revolution, bourgeois-democratic, in Russia».

г) Записи с конкретными наименованиями следуют за прочими («Revolution of 1848», «Revolution of 1905»). Они также могут иметь подзаписи в алфавитном порядке.

д) Когда имеется группа подзаписей внутри подзаписей, вся группа помещена в конец прочих подзаписей (например, «Revolution of 1905—strikes and uprisings» может стоять вне алфавитного порядка, поскольку имеет подзаписи).

Когда для одного предмета есть несколько записей с указанием разных мест и ни при одной нет подзаписей, перечень обычно уплотняется так:

Imperialism in Afghanistan — IV, 119; VI, 285; — in Africa — IV, 181; — in Asia — IV, 237; — in Balkans — (и т. д.)

При такой подаче перекрёстные ссылки даются в скобках. Уплотнение применяется только к записям с указанием места и без подзаписей, а также (изредка) к ряду дат под одной записью. Обычные подзаписи никогда не сводятся в один абзац.

4. Перекрёстные ссылки​

Ради экономии места в перекрёстных ссылках приняты некоторые сокращения и опущения:

а) Перекрёстная ссылка, начинающаяся с тире, отсылает к подзаписи под тем же основным заголовком. (В записи «Proletariat—relations with peasantry ... See also: —hegemony» отсылка ведёт к подзаписи «hegemony» под «Proletariat».) Также, когда даются отсылки к двум подзаписям под одной основной записью, во второй отсылке основная запись заменяется начальным тире.

б) Уточняющие слова, вставленные в запись в скобках, часто не повторяются в перекрёстных ссылках, если они не нужны для отыскания записи. (Запись «Land (in general, in Russia and in Soviet Union)» в перекрёстных ссылках даётся как «Land».)

Названия стран в перекрёстных ссылках, когда отсылка ясна, заменяются начальной буквой названия: «France ... See also: Revolution in F». В некоторых перечнях перекрёстных ссылок повторяющееся слово или словосочетание заменяется тире: «Capitalist states ... See also: Agriculture in —; Credit in —» и т. д.

5. Замечания составителя об издании Сочинений​

Поскольку некоторые пользователи могут счесть индексируемое здесь собрание сочинений Сталина окончательным и текстуально точным, уместно предостережение. Прежде всего, предисловие к изданию в томе I не притязает на абсолютную полноту, гласящее: «Настоящее издание является первой попыткой собрать и издать в одном собрании почти все произведения И. В. Сталина» (I, vi; курсив мой). Признаются и текстовые изменения, но они названы «незначительными» и «чисто стилистического характера» (I, viii). Однако даже выборочная проверка вошедших статей показывает, что имеются весьма значительные пропуски — как отдельных мест, так и целых статей, — и что текстовые изменения далеко выходят за пределы стилистических. Места, содержащие похвалы деятелям, впоследствии подвергшимся чистке, нередко (хотя и не всегда) изъяты; равно как и мнения или суждения, впоследствии изменённые.

Пример существенного пропуска целой статьи — речь Сталина об американской коммунистической партии, произнесённая 14 мая 1929 года. Любопытно, что она упомянута в «Биографической хронике» тома XII (388c). (Отрывок из этой речи вошёл в издание Комитета по иностранным делам Палаты представителей «The Strategy and Tactics of World Communism», Supplement I, pp. 140—141.) Пример фальсификации даёт название так называемого «Письма тов. Ме-рту» (VII, 42—74). В действительности это было письмо Аркадию Маслову. Хотя немецкий перевод был опубликован в «Die Aktion» в 1926 году, в «Сочинениях» стоит помета «печатается впервые». (Английский перевод письма — с немецкого перевода — приведён в книге: Ruth Fischer. Stalin and German Communism, pp. 435—439.)

Эти примеры приводятся, чтобы побудить пользователя к осторожности, но их не следует понимать так, будто материал «Сочинений» изменён до бесполезности. Отнюдь не весь спорный материал удалён, и это издание, при всех его недостатках, несомненно является наиболее полезным и полным из доступных собраний сочинений Сталина. Исследователям, работающим над темами, которые могли подвергнуться правке, всё же следовало бы сверять соответствующие статьи с первоначальным текстом, когда он доступен. Место первой публикации обычно указано в конце статей.

6. Сокращения​

Организации даны в основных записях под полным наименованием, но во многих перекрёстных ссылках и подзаписях — под русскими инициалами или обычным английским сокращением. Как правило, для менее известных организаций сокращения не применяются. Приводимый список включает: 1) употреблённые в указателе английские переводы русских названий организаций и 2) употреблённые в указателе сокращения.

7. Транслитерация​

Применена система «Current Digest of the Soviet Press». Таблица приведена в оригинале указателя.

INDEX to J. V. Stalin's WORKS (Russian Edition)​

External Research Staff
Office of Intelligence Research
DEPARTMENT OF STATE

EXTERNAL RESEARCH PAPER NO. 118

January 15, 1955
STATE — FD, Wash., D.C.

AN INDEX TO THE COLLECTED WORKS OF J. V. STALIN​

by Jack F. Matlock, Jr. Columbia University

Assisted by

Fred C. Holling, Jr.

The External Research Paper series includes the products of non-government social science research on areas and problems outside of the United States and its territories. These Papers are made available to ERS in draft or manuscript form by the authors. The treatment of the material is entirely the responsibility of the authors and the Department of State in no way endorses the validity of the facts or conclusions. The Papers are reproduced and circulated without change in order to make available to the Department the results of research carried on by private scholars that is either unpublished or will not be published for a considerable time. All Papers are catalogued and added to the collection of the Division of the Library and Reference Services (LR). Any questions about the Papers or about related research being carried on by the authors should be referred to the External Research Staff, Code 191, extension 2948 or 3169. Please order additional copies by Paper Number. When this present Paper outlives its usefulness to you, please return it to Room 603, State Annex No. 1.

CONTENTS​

INTRODUCTION​

1. Material covered​

This index covers the thirteen volumes published by 1954 of the Russian edition of Stalin's works:

Institut Marxa-Engelsa-Lenina pri TsK VKP(b). I.V. Stalin — Sochinenia. Moskva, Gosudarstvennoye izdatelstvo politi-cheskoi literatury, 1946-1951.

It covers prefaces, notes and biographical appendices in addition to the text itself. The index includes entries for the following: 1) All personal names and names of organizations; 2) Titles of all periodicals, books and articles; 3) Major subject categories.

These entries are arranged in the following manner: Part I includes topics and names of organizations, Part II personal names and titles and Part III names of works by Stalin and Lenin. Subject entries listed under personal names (e.g., "Trotsky—activity in 1917") are also included in Part II.

An attempt was made to include all mentions of personal names and titles, but subject entries were listed only when the reference would be of substantial use to a researcher. In some cases the mere mention of a topic in a particular context was deemed significant, even though little was said about the topic itself, but as a rule casual mentions of broad subjects like "bourgeoisie" or "revolution" were not noted. In cases of doubt, the tendency was to include the entry.

The user is cautioned always to refer to pertinent cross-entries under the topic in which he is interested. Cross-indexed material is often as important to a topic as entries under the subject heading itself. Sometimes a slightly different wording or context causes similar topics to appear in different entries, thus the reader may miss important material if he ignores the references to related entries.

2. Wording of entries​

a — Subjects: Most entries are listed under the "key" word rather than the first word in the phrase (e.g., "Classes—abolition", rather than "Abolition of classes"). In other cases the entry was made under the more general heading, when it was thought desirable to group together different aspects of a general topic (e.g., "State, capitalist"; "State, feudal;" State, socialist," etc.). Since an attempt was made to avoid sub-entries of sub-entries, however, certain inconsistencies were introduced. Thus the index includes a series of entries under "Proletariat," but no entry "Proletariat—dictatorship of". The latter is obviously a very important topic and was discussed in a number of contexts. Therefore, it was indexed as "Dictatorship of proletariat" and various sub-entries were introduced. In this and other similar cases, variant wordings are cross-indexed.

Special attention should be directed to the method of indexing topics related to the Communist Party and to the means of distinguishing between Tsarist and Soviet Russia.

It was found that entries relating to the Party could be divided into three major chronological groups, coinciding in large measure with name changes: Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDRP) for entries through 1912; Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) (RSDRP(b)) for entries covering 1912-October, 1917; and Communist Party of the Soviet Union (RSDRP(b), RKP(b), VKP(b)) for entries referring to the Party after the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917. Since no writings by Stalin are included for the period between 1912 and 1917, Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) usually refers specifically to the Party in 1917, prior to the October Revolution. In cross-references, the abbreviations RSDRP, RSDRP(b) and CPSU are used, the latter an abbreviation of the English since it covers three different Russian titles.

Local communist parties in the Soviet Union are listed under Communist Party of (place name). Foreign communist parties, however, are entered under the adjective of the nationality: French Communist Party, German Communist Party, etc.

The indexer often considered it useful to specify whether a topic entry refers to Tsarist Russia or Soviet Russia. In order to make this distinction, Russia is used for Tsarist Russia and Soviet Union for Russia after October, 1917. "Soviet Union", then, refers both to the RSFSR prior to 1924 and to the USSR after its formation. When dates relating to Russian events are specified, they are given according to the Old Style prior to October, 1917, and according to the New Style thereafter.

A word may not be amiss concerning the terminology used in certain subject entries. In line with the subject matter, many entries must be phrased in Marxian terminology or the terminology used by Stalin. Phrasing entries in this manner, needless to say, does not imply that the indexer accepts either the terminology or its implications. Entries such as "United States—financial enslavement of other countries" were included because they indicate precisely what Stalin said, whereas a more neutral entry (such as "United States—financial relations with foreign countries") would obscure the nature of the reference. No entry has absolute significance, therefore, but is relevant only to the textual reference.

b — Names: Surnames are followed by first name or initials, if known to the indexer. Russian names, even of foreign derivation, are usually entered in transliterated form, unless a different spelling has been clearly established for the individual (e.g., Aikhenvald instead of Eichenwald, Shvarts instead of Schwartz, but Ehrenburg, Tchaikowsky, Witte, etc.). Non-Russian names are given in their original spelling when known to the indexer. Since time was not available for extensive research on this matter, however, some minor personages are recorded in the most likely form, with possible variants added in parentheses. Turkic names from Russian Central Asia and the Caucasus are listed in Russian transliteration, no attempt being made to locate the Turkic form. Pseudonyms are listed as cross-references, except in cases where the pseudonym became the usual name (e.g., Gorky, Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky). Only Stalin's pseudonyms were indexed separately; these are placed under Stalin in Part II.

Organizations are listed according to the translated title, unless the title is habitually quoted untranslated. These entries are included in Part I, since many organizations involve extensive sub-entries which are by nature subject entries.

c — Titles: Periodicals are listed in the original language followed by a translation and a brief identification in parentheses: "Brdzola" ("Struggle"—Georgian SD newspaper, pub. Sept., 1901-Dec., 1902).

"Iskra" ("The Spark"—Russian RSDRP newspaper).

Books and articles are listed in English translation under the name of the author, when known, otherwise under the translated title only:

Engels, F. — works — "The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State".

But (when author not known): "A Historic Turn" (article in "Rabocheye Delo").

In alphabetizing titles, initial articles are ignored.

All book and article titles appear in Part II of the index with the following exceptions: 1) Books are articles by Stalin and Lenin are relegated to a special section, Part III, because of the length of the list.

2) Some titles which were publications of conferences or congresses, such as stenographic reports and minutes, appear in Part I, under the appropriate organization.

d — Volume and page references: Volumes are indicated by capital Roman numerals, followed by page numbers in Arabic numerals (e.g., I, 25, 73, 247; II, 36, 122, 343; III, 36, 145, etc.). Page numbers of prefaces (both by Stalin and by the Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute) are given in small Roman numerals (iv, vii, xiv). References to notes in the back of each volume are given with the page number plus "n" (413n, 427n, etc.). Similarly, references to the "Biographical Chronicle" section of each volume are followed by "c", and special appendices of material not written by Stalin, by "a". No special indication is given for notes which appear on the same page as the text, since most of these were written by Stalin himself. (The notes in the back of each volume were presumably prepared by the Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute.) Page numbers with a subscript "n", "c" or "a", therefore, refer to material not written by Stalin, whereas most Arabic numerals without qualifying letters refer to material written by Stalin. The only exceptions to the latter would be a few editorial notes appearing on the same page as the text, and questions or answers by others recorded during interviews.

Page numbers followed by "f" indicate that discussion of the subject extends for several pages but that it is difficult to establish a precise termination for it. When two page numbers are followed by "passim", it indicates that the topic is mentioned repeatedly between the pages, but that there is no continual discussion of it.

3. Arrangement of entries​

Principles applied in arranging entries can be illustrated with an abbreviated list of the various entries involving "revolution":

Revolution

— expansion

— organization

Revolution in France

Revolution in Russia

—inevitability

—leadership

Revolution, bourgeois-democratic

—aims

—leadership

Revolution, bourgeois-democratic, in Russia

—role of peasantry

—role of proletariat

Revolution, continual

Revolution, socialist

—prerequisites

—role of proletariat

Revolution, socialist, in Russia

Revolution of 1848 in France

Revolution of 1905

—organization

—role of RSDRP

—role of Soviets

Revolution of 1905—strikes and uprisings

—December uprising

—Kronstadt rebellion

The following points should be noted: a) The simple entry is listed first, followed by sub-entries in alphabetical order.

b) The entry specified for a particular location forms a new entry (e.g., "Revolution in France", "Revolution in Russia"). These in turn can have sub-entries, in alphabetical order.

c) Entries qualified by an adjective follow all simple entries plus "in ...". Thus, "Revolution, bourgeois-democratic" follows "Revolution in Russia". These entries with adjectival qualification can have sub-entries and can form new entries when a location is specified: "Revolution, bourgeois-democratic, in Russia".

d) Specific names follow other entries. ("Revolution of 1848", "Revolution of 1905") These also can have sub-entries, in alphabetical order.

e) When there is a group of sub-entries under sub-entries, the entire group has been placed at the end of the other sub-entries (e.g., "Revolution of 1905—strikes and uprisings" may be placed out of alphabetical order since it has sub-sub-entries under it).

When there are several entries for the same subject in different locations, and no sub-entries under any, the list is usually condensed as follows:

Imperialism in Afghanistan — IV, 119; VI, 285; — in Africa — IV, 181; — in Asia — IV, 237; — in Balkans — (etc.)

When this form of presentation is employed, cross-entries are given in parentheses. This type of condensation is applied only to entries plus location and without sub-entries and (occasionally) to a series of dates specified under an entry. Regular sub-entries are never grouped together in a single paragraph.

4. Cross-entries​

Certain omissions and special abbreviations have been used in cross-entries to conserve space. These can be summarized as follows: a) Cross-entries beginning with a dash refer to a sub-entry under the same main heading. (In the entry "Proletariat—relations with peasantry ... See also: —hegemony", the cross-reference is to the sub-entry "hegemony" under "Proletariat".) Also, when reference is made to two sub-entries under the same main entry, the main entry is replaced by an initial dash in the second reference.

b) Qualifying words inserted in an entry in parentheses are often not repeated in cross-references if they are not essential for locating the entry. (The entry "Land (in general, in Russia and in Soviet Union)" is cross-indexed as "Land".

Names of countries in cross-references, when the reference is clear, are replaced by the initial letter of the name: "France ... See also: Revolution in F". In some other lists of cross-entries, a repeated word or phrase is replaced by a dash: "Capitalist states ... See also: Agriculture in —; Credit in —; etc.".

5. Characteristics of the Stalin Sochinenia​

Since some users may consider the set of Stalin's works indexed here as definitive and textually accurate, a word of caution may not be out of place. First of all, the preface to the edition in Volume I makes no claim to absolute completeness, stating: "This is the first attempt to collect and publish in one edition nearly all the works of J. V. Stalin." (I, vi; emphasis mine). Textual changes are also admitted, but these are termed "insignificant" and "of a purely stylistic nature" (I, viii). Even a sporadic check of the articles included, however, indicates that there are very significant omissions, both of individual passages and of entire articles, and that textual changes far surpass stylistic boundaries. Passages praising later-purged leaders have often (though not always) been excised, as were opinions or judgments later changed.

An example of a significant omission of an entire article is Stalin's speech on the American Communist Party, delivered May 14, 1929. It, curiously enough, is mentioned in the "Biographical Chronicle" of Volume XII (388c). (An excerpt from this speech is included in the House Foreign Affairs Committee publication, "The Strategy and Tactics of World Communism", Supplement I, pp. 140-141.) An example of falsification is provided by the title of the so-called "Letter to Comrade Me-rt" (VII, 42-74). This was actually a letter to Arkady Maslow. Although a German translation was published in "Die Aktion" in 1926, the notation "published for the first time" appears in the "Sochinenia". (An English translation of the letter (from the German translation) is given in Ruth Fischer, "Stalin and German Communism", pp. 435-439.)

These examples are offered to stimulate the caution of the user, but should not be taken to indicate that the material in the "Sochinenia" has been altered beyond usefulness. By no means all controversial material has been removed, and this edition, with all its deficiencies, is undoubtedly the most useful and complete collection of Stalin's writings available. Researchers working on topics which would have been subject to revision, however, would be wise to check pertinent articles against the original text, when available. The original place of publication is usually indicated at the end of articles.

6. Abbreviations​

Organizations are listed in main entries under their full name, but under their Russian initials or usual English abbreviation in many cross-references and sub-entries. As a rule, however, abbreviations are never used for lesser-known organizations. The following list includes: 1) English translations, as used in the index, of Russian organization titles, and 2) abbreviations used in the index.

7. Transliteration​

The system of the "Current Digest of the Soviet Press" has been used, which is as follows:

1. Г = v in genitive endings ЕГО (evo), ОГО (ovo).

2. Е = ye when initial and after Ь, Ъ and all vowels except Ы, or when preceded by vowel-consonant combinations as in Slavyanye.

3. Ё = o after Ж and Ш.

4. Combinations ЫЙ and ИЙ = y.

5. КС = x in most names.

6. Ъ and Ь before vowels = y.

7. Ю after Ы = iu.

8. Я after Ы = ia; after И = a, as in Izvestia.

PART 1. SUBJECTS AND ORGANIZATIONS​

A​

Abkhazians​

— II, 350; V, 18, 189, 249-250. See also: Transcaucasian Republic—Abkhazian revolt.

Accumulation, socialist​

— VII, 153, 384; VIII, 122-129; IX, 174; X, 198-199; XI, 40; XII, 144-145.

Administration, Soviet​

— IV, 364-369, 384-387; V, 190, 206-214, 235, 272, 297, 360-361, 382-383; VI, 121-122, 197-201, 212-216, 248-250; VII, 126, 368; X, 319-322; XII, 13; XIII, 135, 176.

— bureaucracy in — See: Bureaucracy in SU.

— differences with bourgeois administration — VII, 160.

— economy in — VII, 198; VIII, 133-137, 394c.

— in rural areas — IV, 213-217; VI, 207; VII, 159-160, 183-184; XII, 336.

— personnel — V, 210-214; VI, 197-201, 207-208, 212-214, 218; VII, 160-163, 172; IX, 158-159; X, 101; XII, 313, 328; XIII, 369-372.

— purges — V, 297; XII, 19, 328; XIII, 368, 369-372.

— quality — VI, 249; VII, 172.

— role of Party — V, 210-214; VI, 10, 198, 207-208, 214-215, 217-218, 250; VII, 160-161, 171, 208-209, 338; IX, 160-162; X, 101-102.

— shortcomings — IV, 213-217; IX, 173; X, 320-322; XIII, 367.

— strength — X, 320.

See also: Language, native—use in local administration.

Adzharians​

— II, 350; V, 189, 249-250, 278. See also: Uprisings in SU—Adzharia (1929).

Afghanistan​

— independence — VI, 143-144, 300.

See also: Foreign relations of SU—with A; Imperialism in A; Revolution in A; Soviets in A.

Africa​

— See: Imperialism in A; National question in A; Revolution in A; Revolution, socialist, in A.

Agitation, revolutionary​

— See: Propaganda and agitation.

Agrarian policy and attitude toward peasantry of CPSU and Soviet Government​

— IV, 256-257, 303-304, 433n-434n; V, 91-92, 123-124, 321-323, 351, 367; VI, 207, 217, 240-248, 250, 259, 302-312, 313-320, 410n, 414n; VII, 19-24, 25-33, 116, 122-128, 141, 157, 173-181, 183-187, 239-240, 254-255, 324, 325-328, 341-342, 347-348, 356-359, 361-362, 371-379; VIII, 50, 75f, 91-94, 142-144, 223-224, 345-347, 352; IX, 39, 46-47, 155-157, 161, 205-220 passim; X, 74, 196-198, 255-260, 317, 342-343; XI, 13, 44-52, 95-97, 101-113, 117-126, 161-189 passim, 194-196, 204-215, 252-256, 262-269, 271-276, 319, 321-322, 359n, 360n; XII, 3-4, 7, 39-43, 124-134, 141-172, 178-183, 184-188, 221-223, 355, 359-360, 374n; XIII, 12, 216-233, 236-256 passim, 354.

See also: Agriculture in SU; Collective farms; Collectivization of agriculture; Kulaks; Peasantry in SU; Peasantry, middle, in SU; Peasantry, poor, in SU; State farms.

Agrarian question (in Russia)​

— I, xix, 214-229, 230-235, 236-238; II, 318-319; III, 177, 395n. See also: Agriculture; Land; RSDRP—agrarian program.

Agrarian question in Transcaucasia​

— IV, 59-60, 61.

Agrarian revolution​

— See: Revolution, agrarian.

Agricultural procurement in SU​

— See: Grain procurement in SU; Taxation in SU.

Agriculture​

— capitalist development — I, xii, 223-225, 232-233, 238; VII, 111; VIII, 78-79; XI, 8; XII, 146.

— individual peasant farming — XII, 146-156, 220-221.

— large-scale production — XI, 41; XII, 149-159.

— socialist development — VII, 111; VIII, 79-82; XI, 8. See also: Agriculture in SU — socialization; Collectivization of agriculture.

Agriculture in Argentina​

— XII, 283; — in Canada — X, 306, 307; XII, 283; — in capitalist states (Europe, the West) — VI, 135-137; VII, 264; VIII, 76-79; XI, 192-193; XII, 129-130; XIII, 191-192, 269, 284, 292; — in Czechoslovakia — XIII, 191; — in France — XII, 288; XIII, 165; — in Germany — XIII, 191; — in Italy — XII, 288; — in Latvia and Lithuania — XIII, 191.

Agriculture in Russia​

— crop area — XIII, 318-319.

— description — XIII, 241.

— production — XI, 85; XIII, 310, 320.

Agriculture in Soviet Union​

— VI, 135-137; VII, 315-316; VIII, 76-82; X, 303-309; XI, 84; XII, 261-262, 274-290; XIII, 34, 148-149, 188-196, 241-242, 262, 281, 317-332.

— backwardness — VII, 315-316; X, 304-305; XI, 40-41, 75, 179-180, 252f, 257-262, 273, 274.

— collectivization — See: Collectivization of agriculture in SU.

— comparison with agriculture in capitalist states — See: Agriculture in capitalist states.

— contract system — X, 224-225; XI, 208, 255, 266, 268; XII, 48-49, 58, 60, 62.

— crop rotation — XIII, 328.

— development — VI, 135-137; VII, 124-125, 153-154, 339; VIII, 117-118; XI, 40-42.

— fertilizer supply — XIII, 329.

— individual peasant farming — VIII, 77f; X, 304-305; XI, 40-41, 123, 179-184, 185, 190, 207-208, 209, 226f, 239, 252-256, 262f, 268; XII, 51, 58f, 62, 63, 145, 148-149, 220-221, 278-279, 289, 309, 325-326; XIII, 173, 174, 189, 222, 242, 248, 253-254, 266-267, 268, 323-324, 333. See also: Peasantry in SU.

— irrigation — VII, 135; XIII, 332, 408c.

— mechanization and modernization — VII, 157; X, 225, 228, 305-306; XI, 92, 162-164, 180, 207-208, 213-214, 229, 253-256, 263f; XII, 50, 56f, 127f, 156, 165, 278-280, 301-302; XIII, 53, 267, 325-326, 328. See also: Machine and tractor stations.

— need for specialists — XI, 75.

— private — See: — individual peasant farming.

— production and crop area — IV, 298-299; V, 123-124; VI, 245, 274-275; VII, 308; X, 224, 292-293, 296, 303-304; XI, 51-52, 82-86; XII, 83-85, 155-156, 191, 262, 265-266, 290; XIII, 179, 191, 310, 318-322.

— productivity — XI, 91-92, 179-180, 206-209, 212. See also: — backwardness.

— regional variations — XII, 193-195, 207-209, 286.

— socialization — X, 306-307; XI, 6-9; XII, 125-134, 146, 149, 162-165, 279-280, 289. See also: Collectivization of Agriculture in SU: Cooperatives, agricultural, in SU; Cooperatives, rural, in SU; Economy, Soviet — Socialization.

— socialized — XI, 41; XIII, 309.

See also: Associations for joint cultivation of land; Collective farms; Communes, agricultural; State farms.

— soil reclamation and amelioration — VI, 275.

— state assistance (investment) — XI, 268; XIII, 337; X, 225-226. See also: Collective farms—state assistance; State farms—state assistance.

— tasks (1934) — XIII, 328-332.

— territorial distribution — XII, 325-326; XIII, 330-332. See also: — regional variations.

— two-year plan (Rykov's proposal) — XII, 81-82.

— types and branches — cotton — XI, 10, 43; XII, 277; XIII, 319, 320.

— flax — XI, 10, 43; XII, 277; XIII, 319, 320.

— fodder — XIII, 318.

— grain — IV, 298-299; XI, 175f, 179-180, 194, 206-207, 261-262; XII, 86, 129, 152, 157-158, 168-169, 191, 196, 197-198, 262, 274-275, 283-285, 290, 380; XIII, 318, 320.

See also: Grain procurement in SU; Grain shortage in SU.

— industrial (technical) crops — XII, 276-278, 333; XIII, 318, 319, 320.

— livestock — XII, 275-276, 333; XIII, 317, 321-322, 329-330.

— oil seed crops — XII, 277; XIII, 319, 320.

— sugar beets — IV, 299; XI, 43; XII, 277; XIII, 319, 320-321.

— vegetables — XII, 330; XIII, 318.

Agriculture in United States​

— XI, 190-192; XIII, 191.

— production — X, 303-304; XIII, 191-192.

Aircraft industry in Soviet Union​

— See: Industry in SU (types).

Albania​

— foreign relations — VII, 393n; X, 280.

See also: Revolution in A.

Alcoholic beverages​

— illegal distillation — VIII, 290; X, 232; XI, 14, 125.

Alcoholism​

— II, 186-187, 393n; X, 231-234. See also: Alcoholic beverages — illegal distillation; Vodka — as source of government revenue.

"All power to the Soviets" (slogan in 1917)​

— III, 99, 100, 103, 122-123, 125-126, 127, 154, 159, 161, 163, 168, 176, 179, 184, 295, 297-298, 323, 367-370, 398n, 404n; IV, 423n; V, 66, 172, 177; VI, 159, 387, 388-390; IX, 349-350, 361, 373n. See also: October Revolution — role of Soviets; Revolution of 1917 — role of Soviets; Soviets in 1917.

All-Russian ... (All-Union ...)​

— Alphabetized under name of organization without All-Russian (All-Union). E.g., Bureau of Commissars, All-Russian; Central Council of Trade Unions, All-Russian (All-Union). "All-Russian" refers to organizations in RSFSR, both before and after the 1924 Constitution, "All-Union" to USSR organizations, after the 1924 Constitution. This index in most cases does not distinguish between All-Russian and All-Union.

All-Russian Provisional Government (Directorate)​

— See: Ufa Government.

Alliance​

— of proletariat and peasantry (in Russia and Soviet Union) — I, 139-140, 237; II, 5, 10-11, 41-45, 254; III, 1, 152-153, 270, 361; IV, 165; V, 86, 104, 107, 111-112, 120, 122-123, 127, 240-241, 262, 342-346; VI, 48-49, 97, 100, 102-103, 120, 123-138 passim, 152-153, 318-319, 323, 362-369, 394-395; VII, 1, 3, 25-26, 32, 83, 123-124, 156-164, 175-177, 238, 254, 255, 325-333; VIII, 26-28, 77, 80, 91-94, 141-144, 223-224, 343, 352; IX, 53-54, 82, 139, 156, 182-190 passim, 196, 205-220 passim, 269-281 passim, 315-321; X, 257, 260; XI, 48, 94-97, 101-113, 126, 161-164, 167-168, 178-179, 188-196 passim, 206, 211-215, 231, 240, 268, 271, 339; XII, 40-43, 130-131, 214, 340; XIII, 20-21. See also: Dictatorship of proletariat; Proletariat — hegemony of; October Revolution — role of peasantry; Revolution of 1905 — role of peasantry; Revolution of 1917 — role of peasantry.

Alliance​

— of Russian and European proletariat — III, 250; VI, 374-375; VII, 26, 101, 349; VIII, 27, 28, 64-65, 93, 96, 142-144, 184-185, 223, 264, 287-288; IX, 41-45, 139-143, 170; X, 290, 390n; XI, 202; XIII, 39-40, 378-379. See also: October Revolution — role of foreign proletariat; Proletariat, world — led by SU; Soviet Government — popularity abroad; World revolution — role of SU.

— of workers and soldiers in Russia — III, 1-2.

Alsace-Lorraine​

— self-determination — IV, 106, 107.

American efficiency​

— See: Efficiency, American.

American Federation of Labor​

— VIII, 382n; X, 129, 136, 138, 139, 145, 146, 147, 148, 383n; XIII, 201.

— leaders — X, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145-148, 383n.

American Labor Delegation, First​

— X, 92-148 passim.

American nation​

— II, 294-295, 296, 300-301; XI, 338.

Americans in Soviet Union​

— XIII, 258.

Amsterdam Congress​

— See: International, Second — Congresses.

Amsterdam International​

— See: International Federation of Trade Unions.

Anarchism (and anarchists)​

— I, 57, 294-372 passim, 373-392 passim; XI, 204; XII, 70, 71; XIII, 44.

— basic principles — I, 296.

— differences with Marxism — I, 295-296.

— policies and tactics — I, 234, 244, 294-372 passim, 373-392 passim; VI, 84.

— publications: See: "Khma", "Musha", "Nobati".

See also: Collectivism — Anarchist view; Dialectical method — Anarchist view; Dictatorship of Proletariat — Anarchist view; Materialist theory — Anarchist view; RSDRP- Anarchist criticism; State—Anarchist view. Also: Bakunin, Mikhail; Cherkezishvili, V.; Gogelia, S.; Kropotkin, Peter; and Tsereteli, M. (Part II).

Anarchists in Georgia​

— I, 53-54, 302-372 passim, 373-391 passim, 394n, 412n, 423c; — in Russia (1917) — III, 88-90; — in Spain — I, 146-147; XIII, 396n.

Anarcho-Syndicalism (and Anarcho-Syndicalists)​

— V, 404n; XI, 204; XIII, 44. See also: Workers' Opposition.

Anglo-American Newspaper Service​

— X, 372, 373.

Anglo-Russian Trade Union Unity Committee​

— VIII, 176, 183-191, 194-203, 222, 229, 282-283, 382n, 384n; X, 36-41, 157-158, 380n.

Annexations, imperialistic​

— III, 208. See also: Peace — "without annexations or indemnities" (demand in 1917).

Antagonism, class​

— See: Class conflict

Anti-religious propaganda​

— IV, 362; VI, 309-310; VII, 82; X, 132-133, 324; XI, 50; XII, 176-177. See also: CPSU — policy toward religion.

Anti-Semitism (in general)​

— XIII, 28.

Anti-Semitism​

— in Party — II, 50-51; X, 324.

Anti-Semitism in Russia​

— I, 187; II, 291, 338, 346. (See also: Pogroms); — in Soviet Union — X, 324; XIII, 28.

Anti-Soviet activity in Soviet Union​

— VII, 190-192; XIII, 99. See also: Anti-Soviet elements in SU; Espionage in SU; Sabotage in SU; Uprisings in SU.

Anti-Soviet elements (and groups) in Soviet Union​

— V, 420n; IX, 70; X, 190, 234-237, 262-263; XI, 35, 130, 313-317; XII, 259-260; XIII, 99, 111-112, 207-210, 227-229. See also: Bourgeoisie in SU; Capitalism and capitalist elements in SU.

Anti-Tsarist agitation​

— See: Demonstrations, political in Russia.

Arabia​

— independence — IV, 372-373.

Arakcheyev regime​

— IX, 79, 367n; X, 68.

Arcos raid (London, 1927)​

— IX, 326; X, 199, 288, 385n.

Argentina​

— economy — X, 275. See also: Agriculture in A.

Argus clipping service​

— X, 374.

Armament industry in Soviet Union​

— See: Industry in SU-(types).

Armament race​

— VI, 237; VII, 279-281; X, 278-281, 285; XI, 297; XII, 249; XIII, 184, 283. See also: War—preparations for.

Armenia​

— autonomy — IV, 70, 86-88.

— exile government — IX, 327.

— history — V, 17.

— independence — IV, 352-353, 413-414, 416n; V, 245.

— relations with Entente — IV, 413.

— Sovietization — IV, 413-414.

See also: Communist Party of A; Civil War of 1918-1920—role of A; National movements—of Armenians; Nationality conflicts—Armenian-Georgian; —Armenian-Azerbaidzhanian; Russification—of A; Transcaucasia.

Armenia, Turkish​

— IV, 25-26.

Armenian bourgeoisie​

— I, 39-40.

Armenian church​

— II, 349.

Armenian clergy​

— I, 40.

Armenian nation​

— VII, 142; XI, 338, 339.

Armenian nationalism​

— I, 39-40; II, 288, 291, 385n; V, 95. See also: Chauvinism, Armenian; National movements—of Armenians.

Armenian proletariat​

— I, 34, 39-40.

Armenian Republic​

— IV, 410, 413-414; V, 96-97.

Armenian Soviet Republic​

— IV, 413-414; V, 20, 254, 256, 328, 411n.

Armenian Social Democratic Labor Organization​

— I, 37, 39-40, 395n.

— "Manifesto of Armenian Social Democratic Labor Organization" — I, 39-40.

Armenian Social Democratic Party​

— I, 403n. See also: Hnchak Party.

Armenian-Turkish War​

— IV, 413.

Armenians in Azerbaidzhan​

— V, 250-251; — in Georgia — II, 307; V, 18, 94, 249-250, 253-254; — in Russia — I, 22; II, 104, 305; — in Soviet Union — V, 189; XIII, 365.

Arming public for revolution (1905-1906)​

— I, 134-135, 137, 157, 272-275.

Army​

— in capitalist state — XI, 22, 24-25.

— organization — V, 169-170, 375, 389.

— under socialism — IX, 129-130.

Army, Chinese​

— See: Chinese Red Army; Kuomintang—army.

Army, revolutionary​

— I, 191, 195; III, 13. See also: Red Guards; Red Army.

Army, Russian​

— IV, 384; VI, 75.

— control by soldiers (proposed) — III, 220, 258-259; IV, 1.

— death penalty for desertion (1917) — III, 105, 131, 132, 139, 154, 160, 189, 215, 237, 240, 244, 245, 246, 249, 257, 259, 339, 340, 341, 350, 351-352; IV, 9, 12; VI, 130.

— demoralization in 1917 — III, 48, 80, 104, 117, 132, 160, 161, 217-220, 221-226, 227-231, 242-243, 249-250, 262-264, 351-352.

— General Staff — III, 224, 227, 229, 231, 242, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266, 268, 286, 292, 311, 337, 338.

— in 1905 — I, 74-75, 176.

— in 1917 — III, 146, 221-226, 227-230, 339-344, 351-352. See also: World War I—Russian offensive and defeat of July, 1917.

Army, Soviet​

— VI, 121; IX, 211.

— discussion in 1918 — IV, 430n; X, 41-43. See also: Military Opposition.

— status — VII, 11, 14.

— volunteer army — X, 42-43.

See also: Red Army.

Army, standing​

— III, 154.

— abolition — I, 157.

Army, Ukrainian​

— IV, 9-10, 16.

Arrests in Soviet Union​

— X, 190, 211-213. See also: Executions in SU.

Artel, agricultural​

— V, 428c; VII, 81-82; XII, viii, 196-197, 210, 214, 223-224, 286; XIII, 351-354. See also: Collective farms.

Asia​

— See: Communist parties in A; Foreign relations of SU—with A; Foreign trade of SU—with A; Imperialism in A; National question in A; Revolution in A.

Asia, Soviet​

— VII, 134-143. See also: Turkestan.

"Asia for the Asiatics" (slogan)​

— VII, 229, 230.

Assassination​

— of Archduke Franz Ferdinand — IX, 326; X, 281, 390n.

— of Uritsky — X, 235.

— of Voikov — IX, 326; X, 46, 288; XIII, 301.

Assembly—freedom of​

— See: Freedom—of speech, press and assembly.

Associated Press​

— X, 372, 373; XIII, 134, 388n.

Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia (AKhRR)​

— XI, 371c.

Association of Proletarian Writers, All-Union (VAPP)​

— VII, 406c, 408c.

Associations Act (1906)​

— I, 287, 412n.

Associations for Joint Cultivation of Land​

— XII, 196. See also: Collective farms.

August Bloc​

— VI, 350, 351; VIII, 221, 235, 240, 241, 242; IX, 14-16; X, 56, 172, 192, 360-361; XIII, 88, 98.

Australia​

— economy — X, 275; XII, 238.

Austria (Austria-Hungary)​

— foreign policy — VII, 274-275.

— history — V, 16, 17, 34; IX, 177.

See also: Czechs in A; Foreign relations of SU—with A; Germans in A; Hungarians in A-H; Jews in A; Poles in A; National movements in A-H; National question in A; Proletariat in A; Revolution in A; Revolution, socialist, in A; Strikes in A; Trade unions in A; Vienna uprising of July 1927; Unemployment in A; Unemployment insurance in A.

Austrian Communist Party​

— IV, 243; X, 5-6.

Austrian Social Democratic Party​

— I, 112-113; II, 297, 335, 344, 345; III, 403n; IV, 165.

— left wing — X, 5, 377n.

— division — II, 331-332, 345-346, 352, 363, 364.

— national program — II, 314-332; IV, 370-371; VII, 70. See also: Bauer, Otto; Springer, R. (Part II).

Austrian SD Party​

— congresses

— Wimberg (Vienna) Congress (1897) — II, 331, 344, 345, 366, 403n.

— Hainfeld Congress (1888) — I, 402n. See also: Hainfeld Program.

— Brünn Congress (1899) — II, 315, 321-322, 327, 331, 403n.

— "Discussion of the National Question at the Brünn Congress" — II, 321, 327.

— "Verhandlungen des Gesamtparteitages" — II, 322.

— Vienna Congress (1901) — I, 402n.

Austrian state​

— II, 293, 304, 315-316, 318, 319, 320-322.

Austro-German Alliance of 1879​

— VII, 272-275.

Autocracy in Russia​

— See: Tsarist Government.

Automobile industry in Soviet Union​

— See: Industry in SU (types).

Automobiles and trucks in Soviet Union​

— number — XIII, 346.

Autonomous governments in Soviet Union​

— position in Soviet system — IV, 358-360.

— powers — IV, 70, 89.

See also: Soviet state—federative structure.

Autonomy​

— types — IV, 87-88, 355

Autonomy, administrative​

— IV, 355, 404.

Autonomy, cultural-national​

— II, 288-289, 292, 312, 315-320, 320-332, 335-340, 347-359, 361, 363-366; III, 53-55; IV, 87-88, 354; V, 54; VI, 139; VII, 70.

Autonomy, political​

— III, 19, 27-28; IV, 355, 404.

Autonomy, regional​

— II, 347-348, 351-352, 361-364, 367; III, 53, 55; IV, 75, 88, 354-356; VII, 75.

Autonomy, Soviet​

— IV, 87-88, 355, 359-360, 362-363, 371, 372, 394-398, 401-407.

Azerbaidzhan​

— autonomy — IV, 70, 359.

— economic development — V, 47.

— exile government — IX, 327.

— independence — IV, 353, 409-410.

— relations with Soviet government — IV, 355, 362.

Azerbaidzhanian language​

— IV, 359-360.

Azerbaidzhanian nation​

— XI, 339.

Azerbaidzhanian nationalism​

— V, 95.

See also: Chauvinism, Azerbaidzhanian

Azerbaidzhanian Republic​

— V, 96, 97.

Azerbaidzhanian Soviet Republic (SSR)​

— V, 20, 254-256, 271, 411n.

— relations with Soviet Union — V, 22.

Azerbaidzhanians​

— XII, 365. See also: National movements — of Azerbaidzhanians; Nationality conflicts — Armenian-Azerbaidzhanian; Tatars (Transcaucasian).

B​

Backward peoples​

— economic and cultural development — V, 36, 57-59, 188, 190. See also: Revolution, socialist, in backward countries.

Backward peoples in Soviet Union​

— V, 39-41, 44, 83, 192, 242, 247. See also: Nationalities in SU.

Baku​

— role in Civil War — IV, 60, 93-94, 96.

Baku​

— strikes in — See: Revolution of 1905 — strikes and uprisings — in Baku; Strikes in Russia — in Baku.

Baku commissars​

— execution — IV, 252-255, 430n.

Baku Workers' Union​

— II, 388n.

Balakhany-Bibi-Eibat Group​

— I, 134.

Balkan Wars of 1912-1913​

— II, 360, 404n; V, 403n; VI, 406n.

Balkans​

— See: Imperialism in B.

Balkars (people in North Caucasus)​

— IV, 401-407; V, 26.

Baltic area​

— See: Civil War of 1918-1920 — in Baltic area; Estonia; Germans in Baltic; Latvia; Lithuania.

Baltic Fleet in Civil War​

— IV, 259-260, 269-270, 462c.

Baltic-White Sea Canal​

— XIII, 414c.

Bank for International Settlements​

— XII, 382n.

Bankruptcy in capitalist states​

— XIII, 286.

Banks in capitalist states​

— failures — XIII, 286.

Banks in Russia​

— I, 33.

— nationalization — III, 173.

Banks in socialist state​

— VIII, 301.

Banks in Soviet Union​

— IV, 385; V, 332; VII, 312; VIII, 125; IX, 134; X, 101.

Banks in United States​

— XII, 381n-382n.

Barmat Brothers Concern​

— 1925 trial — VII, 44, 396n.

Bashkir ASSR​

— XII, 103.

Bashkir language​

— IV, 359-360.

Bashkir nation​

— XI, 339-340.

Bashkir nationalism​

— V, 308. See also: Chauvinism, Bashkir.

Bashkir Soviet Republic​

— V, 320. See also: Tatar-Bashkir Soviet Republic.

Bashkiria​

— autonomy — IV, 70, 355, 359, 404, 459c; V, 22.

Bashkirs​

— IV, 236; V, 25, 26, 40, 47. See also: National movements — of Bashkirs.

Basmachi rebellion​

— V, 260, 303-307, 418n.

Bavarian Soviet Republic​

— IV, 243; X, 34. See also: German Revolution of 1918-1919.

Belgium​

— See: Revolution, socialist, in B; Strikes in B.

Belorussia​

— government — IV, 168.

— independence — IV, 177, 426n-427n.

— relations with Soviet government — V, 22.

— Sovietization — IV, 443c.

See also: Revolution, agrarian, in B.

Belorussian language​

— XIII, 7.

Belorussian nation​

— V, 48, 49; XI, 339-340.

Belorussian National Commissariat​

— IV, 455c.

Belorussian Rada​

— V, 156.

Belorussian Soviet Republic (SSR)​

— IV, 228, 242, 426n-427n, 443c; V, 142, 151, 152, 153, 154, 242, 270, 271, 396a, 411n, 412n, 413n.

— Central Executive Committee — IV, 427n.

— Congress of Soviets — IV, 228, 426n-427n.

— Constitution — IV, 427n.

— organization — IV, 455c-456c.

— union with Lithuanian Soviet Republic — IV, 228-229, 427n.

Belorussians in Poland​

— V, 18, 150; — in Russia and Soviet Union — III, 206; XII, 365. See also: National movements — of Belorussians.

Bern Conference (Oct. 1917)​

— III, 311; IV, 429n.

Bessarabia​

— XII, 258.

— government — IV, 168.

Bicameral system​

— IV, 70-72, 88-89; V, 143, 244, 258, 262-263, 270, 277-278, 279, 294-295, 322-325, 326, 436c.

Biological evolution​

— See: Evolution, biological.

"Black Congress"​

— III, 377; IV, 152, 421n.

Black Friday​

— VIII, 202, 384n.

Black Hundreds​

— I, 136, 251, 405n, 409n; II, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 59, 79, 245, 267-268, 281, 383n, 397n, 398n, 411c; III, 121, 229, 391n.

Bloody Sunday​

— See: Revolution of 1905 — strikes and uprisings — Winter Palace demonstration.

Bolshevik-Menshevik dispute​

— See: RSDRP — Bolshevik-Menshevik split.

Bolsheviks (before 1919)​

— Caucasian Bolshevik Committees — I, 397n.

— conferences — II, 168. See also: RSDRP — conferences.

— disagreements among — II, 165-168, 182. See also: "Otzovism"; "Ultimatism"; "Vperyodists".

— Geneva group — I, 397n.

— Leipzig group — I, 396n.

— policies and tactics — I, xiv; II, 32, 34, 189, 278-280, 281-284, 397n; V, 165. See also: Duma (in general) — Bolshevik view; Duma, First — Bolshevik view; Duma, Second — Bolshevik tactics; Duma, Third — Bolshevik fraction in; Duma, Fourth — Bolshevik fraction in; — Bolshevik

tactics; Provisional (revolutionary) government

— Bolshevik view; Revolution in R — Bolshevik view; RSDRP — Bolshevik-Menshevik split; Workers' conferences in R—Bolshevik attitude; Workers' movement, spontaneous — Bolshevik view.

— publications — See: "Akhali Tskhovreba"; "Bakinsky Proletary"; "Bakinsky Rabochy"; "Chveni Tskhovreba"; "Dro"; "Gudok"; "Kavkazsky Rabochy"; "Kavkazsky Rabochy Listok"; "Mysl"; "Novaya Zhizn"; "Pravda"; "Proletary"; "Prosveshchenie"; "Rabochaya Gazeta"; "Severnaya Zemlya"; "Sotsial-Demokrat"; "Tiflisky Proletary"; "Vperyod"; "Zvezda".

— strength — II, 49-50, 51, 68, 188-189.

See also: Russian Social Democratic Labor Party; for later periods see: Communist Party of the Soviet Union; Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks).

Bolshevism​

— history — XIII, 84-100. See also: CPSU — history; RSDRP — history.

Bolshoi Theater​

— XI, 368n.

Bonapartism​

— X, 164-165.

Bookkeeping​

— VI, 215. See also: Industry in SU — cost accounting.

"Borderlands" of Russia​

— See: Civil War of 1918-1920 — in "borderlands"; Nationalities in R; Soviet Government — relations with "borderlands".

"Borotbist" Party​

— IV, 304, 435n.

Bosnians in Yugoslavia​

— V, 18.

Bourgeois-democratic revolution​

— See: Revolution, bourgeois-democratic.

Bourgeois ideology​

— I, 108.

— attraction of workers — I, 96f.

Bourgeois ideology in Soviet Union​

— XII, 142-172 passim. See also: Deviations, ideological, in SU; Right Opposition.

Bourgeois nationalism​

— See: Nationalism, bourgeois.

Bourgeois society​

— See: Society, capitalist.

Bourgeoisie​

— abolition — I, 360.

— betrayal of proletariat — I, 23, 30-31, 151.

— common interests with proletariat — I, 38-40, 143.

— expropriation — I, 346.

— fear of (and opposition to) Soviet Union — V, 118, 119; X, 45; XIII, 297. See also: Capitalist states—opposition to SU.

— hegemony of — VI, 126.

— strength after socialist revolution — VI, 110-111.

— under dictatorship of proletariat — See: Bourgeoisie in socialist state.

See also: Liberal party — as leader of bourgeoisie; National question — view of bourgeoisie; Petty bourgeoisie; Revolution, bourgeois—democratic — role of bourgeoisie; Social democracy — relations with bourgeoisie.

Bourgeoisie in Armenia​

— See: Armenian bourgeoisie.

Bourgeoisie in capitalist states​

— X, 11-12; XII, 252.

— war plans — XIII, 294-298. See also: Intervention — danger in 1920's; War — danger in 1920's and 1930's.

Bourgeoisie in China​

— VIII, 358-359, 366; XIII, 293; — in colonial countries — VII, 107, 108, 144, 145; X, 11-13, 344; — in Europe — V, 86-87; VI, 292; — in France — II, 22, 23; X, 52; — in Great Britain — X, 287; — in India — VII, 147-148; — in Poland — VIII, 168; — in Prussia — II, 22-23.

Bourgeoisie in Russia​

— I, 22, 62-63, 151, 161-162, 239; II, 9, 38-40, 41-45, 251, 252, 254; III, 124, 187; V, 112; VI, 126, 128, 359-360.

— betrayal of proletariat — II, 23.

— conflicts among — VI, 156.

— dictatorship of — See: Dictatorship of bourgeoisie in R.

— opposition to revolution — II, 9-10, 61-62.

— relations with peasantry — II, 182-183.

Bourgeoisie in socialist state​

— VI, 112-118; X, 241-242.

Bourgeoisie in Soviet Union​

— IV, 74, 75, 77, 86-87, 128, 365, 384-385, 389; V, 369; VI, 231, 268; VII, 208-209, 324, 341; IX, 21-23, 42, 44, 70-74, 120, 127-128; X, 109-112, 235-237, 317-322, 346-347, 386n; XI, 57, 230, 269f, 274; XII, 12, 14, 31f, 357; XIII, 6, 111-112, 207-208, 211-212.

— liquidation as class — XII, 194, 186.

See also: Capitalism and capitalist elements in SU.

Bourgeoisie in Yugoslavia​

— IV, 221.

Boycott, political​

— II, 82. See also: Duma — boycott of.

Brazil​

— economy — XII, 238, 241.

Brest-Litovsk, Peace of (and negotiations)​

— IV, 27, 39, 41-44, 45, 96, 115, 225, 384, 417n, 445, 446c; V, 69, 70, 168, 380; VI, 34, 35, 36-37, 160-161, 225, 254, 330, 331; VIII, 3, 190, 191, 328; IX, 7, 16-17, 78, 83; X, 67, 194, 254, 264; XII, 100, 101, 231, 232, 376n-377n; XIII, 302.

— role of Trotsky — IV, 27, 36, 446c; VI, 330-331; X, 193-194, 264-265.

British Communist Party​

— VIII, 195, 379n; IX, 379n; X, 6.

— Central Committee — VIII, 194.

— deviations and opposition groups — XI, 225.

— relations with trade unions — VIII, 7.

— role in 1926 General Strike — VIII, 163-164, 201, 284.

— tactics in 1920's — VIII, 137.

— weakness — VIII, 163-164.

British nation​

— See: English nation.

Budget, Soviet​

— V, 126, 429c; VI, 404n; VII, 128-129, 158-159, 311; VIII, 125, 129; X, 257, 293-294, 301; XII, 263-264.

— defense expenditures — VII, 206-207.

— local budgets — VI, 311.

— of union republics — V, 297, 401a.

Bukhara​

— V, 250. See also: CP of Bukhara.

Bukhara Khanate​

— V, 412n.

Bukhara People's Republic​

— V, 142, 151, 327, 331-333, 411n, 412n; VII, 398n.

— Council of People's Commissars — V, 331.

— government — V, 331-332.

— relations with RSFSR and USSR — V, 332-333.

Bulgaria​

— foreign relations — V, 18; VII, 100. See also: Foreign relations of SU — with B.

Bulgarian Communist Party​

— IX, 374c.

Bulygin Commission​

— I, 183.

Bund, Jewish (General Jewish Workers' Union in Lithuania, Poland and Russia)​

— I, 40, 395n, 408n; II, 32, 49, 51-52, 292, 381n, 404n; III, 53, 54, 67, 72, 73, 102, 159, 395n, 411n; IV, 354, 370, 371; V, 48; XII, 363, 368.

— national program — II, 314-315, 332-347, 357-358, 404n.

— nationalism in — II, 340-342, 361.

— organization — II, 334-335, 343, 363, 364, 366-367.

— publications — See: "Nashe Slovo" (Part II).

— relations with RSDRP — II, 46, 48, 49, 51-52, 57-58, 67-68, 334-335, 343-346, 358-359, 366.

— conferences

— Eighth

— "Report of the Eighth Conference of the Bund" — II, 339, 340, 341, 361.

— Ninth — II, 346.

— "Report of the Ninth Conference of the Bund" — II, 292, 340.

— Twelfth — — "The Twelfth Conference of the Bund" — IV, 354, 371.

— congresses

— Fourth — II, 335.

— Fifth — I, 40.

— resolutions — "The Bund's Position in the Party" — I, 40.

— Sixth — II, 335.

— Seventh (Lvov) — II, 404n.

— "Announcement on the Seventh Congress of the Bund" — II, 342.

Bureau of Commissars, All-Russian​

— IV, 190, 208, 209, 213.

Bureaucracy in Great Britain​

— VIII, 250-251, 307-308, 309; — in Russia — III, 2, 154, 369, 378; — in Soviet Union — IV, 216, 224, 365; V, 187, 207-210, 360-361, 382-383; VI, 9-10, 249; VII, 159, 208-209, 306, 338, 341; VIII, 133, 229-230; IX, 188; X, 332; XI, 70-74, 99-100, 131-132, 285; XII, 13, 19, 109-110, 119, 297, 302, 304, 311, 313, 327-328, 374n, 377n; XIII, 35f, 135, 315, 317, 328, 340, 346, 367-368, 369. (See also: CPSU — bureaucracy in); — in United States — VIII, 250-251, 307, 308-309.

Buryat-Mongolian ASSR​

— IV, 436c.

Buryats​

— autonomy — IV, 355.

C​

Cabinet​

— — change of — VI, 113.

— nature — I, 156.

"Cadet" Ministry​

— Bolshevik view — II, 5, 47, 55-56, 282; IV, 312.

— Menshevik view — II, 6-8, 14-15, 47, 54-55, 56.

"Cadet" Party​

— See Constitutional Democratic Party.

Calendar​

— I, viii.

Campbell Farming Corporation​

— XI, 191.

Canada​

— economy — X, 275; XII, 238.

— government — IV, 72, 88.

— history — III, 25.

See also: Agriculture in C: Federalism in C: Industry in C.

Canton Government​

— See: Chinese Revolution — Canton Government.

Capital​

— export of — VII, 196-197, 267-268; X, 121. See also: Loans, foreign.

Capital, finance​

— VI, 93; IX, 101, 102.

Capital, foreign, in Russia​

— VI, 75; IX, 174. See also: Foreign debt, Russian.

Capital, foreign, in Soviet Union​

— VI, 408n; VII, 366. See also: Concessions, economic, in SU; Credits, foreign, to SU; Loans, foreign, to SU.

Capital goods industry in Soviet Union​

— See: Industry in SU (types).

Capital investment in Soviet Union​

— VIII, 122-123; IX, 174-175; X, 297; XI, 246, 256-257; XII, 121-122, 267-268, 350; XIII, 74, 308. See also: Agriculture in SU — state assistance (investment); Industrialization of SU — sources of capital.

Capital of Russia​

— location — III, 370, 371-372, 377.

Capitalism​

— basis — I, 332-333.

— "camp" of — See: Imperialism, "camp" of.

— contradictions in — VII, 96-97, 262-263; XI, 201, 364n; XII, viii, 243-245, 247-254, 375n; XIII, 283.

— crises — See: Economic crises in capitalist states.

— decay and disintegration — X, 170, 245-248; XIII, 18.

— description — XII, 259; XIII, 33, 241.

— development — I, 220, 224-225, 330; II, 303, 304; V, 15, 33-34, 181-183; VI, 146, 369-377, 397-398; VII, 97-98, 195-197; VIII, 248-250, 253; IX, 102, 165; X, 93-94, 302; XIII, 18. See also: — uneven economic and political development.

— development in agriculture — See: Agriculture — capitalist development.

— means of preserving — X, 49.

— nature — I, 331-333.

— overproduction — I, 333; XII, 237-238, 243-245, 322-323; XIII, 18, 33. See also: Economic crises in capitalist states.

— stabilization — VII, 27, 52-53, 56, 91-101, 109, 110, 164, 206, 235, 263-269; VIII, 63, 166-167, 222, 268, 282; IX, 35-36, 45-46, 323; X, 48-50, 215, 246, 271-276, 285-286; XI, 144, 295-298; XII, vi, 16, 20-21, 235-236, 254, 375n.

— transition to communism — VI, 110-112, 146.

— transition to socialism — VIII, 29-30; IX, 88, 98; XII, 29f, 73, 305.

— uneven political and economic development — I, xiv-xv; VI, 369-377, 397-398; VII, 97, 114, 232-233; VIII, 30, 60, 87, 88, 101, 103-111, 112, 115, 163-166, 249, 252-255, 312-316, 322; X, 77, 274-275, 340; XI, 203.

— world system — XI, 203.

See also: Classes — under capitalism; Economy, capitalist; Economy, petty-bourgeois; Labor — under capitalism; Production, capitalist; Society, capitalist; State, capitalist; World — division between capitalism and socialism.

Capitalism in China​

— IX, 240; — in colonial and dependent countries — XII, 247; — in Europe — I, xiv; II, 303, 304, 360; XIII, 115; — in France — V, 90; — in Germany — V, 90; — in Great Britain — I, 112; V, 90; — in India — VII, 144.

Capitalism in Russia​

— I, xiii; VII, 124; XII, 147.

— development — I, 330-331; II, 290; III, 173.

— overthrow — I, 86, 87, 88.

Capitalism (and capitalist elements) in Soviet Union​

— V, 110, 112; VI, 22, 242, 243, 244, 408n; VII, 175, 304, 334, 335, 336, 364, 369-371; VIII, 83f, 95, 214, 230, 265, 280, 291-292, 326; IX, v, 24, 36, 121, 128, 142; X, 197, 223, 227, 273, 297-299, 310-311, 317-318; XI, 6, 7, 15-16, 45, 50, 63, 69, 83, 95-96, 130, 168, 170f, 210, 226f, 254, 255, 269-270, 274, 275, 276, 332; XII, v, ix, 14f, 28-39 passim, 34, 40, 131, 143f, 178-183, 186, 302f; XIII, 21, 22, 172, 203, 308-309, 333, 336, 349f, 395n, 398n.

— restoration of capitalism — XI, 226f, 239-241, 255-256, 270, 278; XII, vii, 132-133, 360; XIII, 173, 182, 242, 324, 359, 363.

— transition to socialism — XIII, 5-6.

See also: Agriculture in SU — individual peasant farming; Bourgeoisie in SU; Capitalism, state, in SU; Domestic trade in SU — private; Industry in SU — private.

Capitalism in United States​

— I, iv; VIII, 114, 115. See also: United States — economy.

Capitalism, imperialist (monopolistic)​

— I, xiv; VI, 93; VIII, 314; IX, 88-90, 101-109, 165-166; X, 93-94; XII, 246. See also: Imperialism; Monopolies in capitalist states.

Capitalism, pre-imperialist (pre-monopolistic)​

— I, xiv; VII, 233; IX, 87-90, 101-103, 106, 165-166; X, 93.

Capitalism, state​

— I, 357-358; VII, 304-305, 365-371.

— in Soviet Union — VIII, 85-90, 349-350; XIII, 309.

Capitalist society​

— See: Society, capitalist.

Capitalist state​

— See: State, capitalist.

Capitalist states​

— opposition to Soviet Union — V, 94; VI, 237, 400; VII, 100, 231f; VIII, 214; IX, v, 118, 324; X, 50, 199; XII, 133, 255f, 303; XIII, 184. See also: Intervention in Russian Civil War; Intervention in SU — danger; Intervention, economic, in SU; War—danger; World—division between capitalism and socialism.

See also: Agriculture in —; Army — in —; Bankruptcy in —; Banks in —; Bourgeoisie in —; Class struggle in —; Credit in —; Communist parties in —; Distribution of income in —; Domestic trade in —; Foreign relations of SU — with —; Foreign trade of SU — with —; Industry in —; Industry in SU — task of overtaking and surpassing —; National question in —; Peasantry in —; Planning, economic, in —; Political parties in —; Proletariat in —; Revolution, socialist in —; Standard of living in —; Strikes in —; Unemployment in —; Unemployment insurance in —; Workers' movement in —.

Capitalists in Europe​

— III, 248-250.

Capitalists in Russia​

— I, 277-278; II, 268; III, 188-192, 317-319.

— aims — I, 280, 282-283.

— organization — I, 279-280; II, 385n.

— relations with foreign capitalists — III, 183, 185, 250.

Capitalists in United States​

— III, 233-235.

Capitalists, foreign, in Russia​

— I, 33-34.

Caucasus (North)​

— autonomy — IV, 355, 399-407, 409-410, 439n; V, 22.

— independence — IV, 97-100, 104-110, 409.

— nationality problems — IV, 399f.

— Sovietization — IV, 98, 107-110, 112-115.

See also: Transcaucasia.

Cavalry​

— use — V, 170. See also: Red Cavalry.

Celebrations in Soviet Union (in general)​

— VIII, 134-135.

Censorship in Russia​

— I, 5-6.

Censorship in Soviet Union​

— VI, 262. See also: Press in Russia — suppression after October Revolution.

Central Aero-Hydrodynamics Institute (TsAGI)​

— XIII, 417c.

Central Agricultural Bank​

— VI, 245, 246, 404n.

Central Bureau of Agitation and Propaganda among Turkic Peoples of the RSFSR​

— See: Central Bureau of Communist Organizations of Peoples of the East.

Central Bureau of Communist Organizations of Peoples of the East​

— V, 402n.

Central Bureau of Students (of Central Council of Trade Unions)​

— XI, 375c.

Central Committee (RSDRP, RSDRP(b), RKP(b), VKP(b))​

— I, 41, 54, 58, 61, 67, 123-124, 167, 168, 169, 372, 395n, 397n, 398n; II, 47, 52, 54-58, 78, 156, 157, 167, 182, 199, 209-212, 217-218, 224, 270, 272, 280, 376, 378n, 379n, 383n, 395n, 398n, 401n, 405n, 414c, 415c, 416c, 417c, 418c, 420c, 421c; III, 30, 99, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 156-170 passim, 381-382, 392n, 394n, 398n, 399n, 400n, 403, 404n, 406n, 407n, 414c, 415c, 417c, 418c, 420c, 421c, 422c, 423c; IV, vi, 27, 152, 153, 154, 197, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 230, 231, 279, 296, 301, 302, 317, 344, 349, 350, 425n, 429n, 433n, 434n, 437n, 438n, 445c, 446c, 453c, 454c, 456c, 457c, 459c, 460c, 461c, 471c, 472c, 474c, 475c, 476c; V, 3, 10, 11, 12, 15, 66, 75, 131, 193, 197-222 passim, 223-235 passim, 252, 257, 269, 275, 280, 281, 282, 286, 291, 296, 297, 300, 302, 303, 305, 318, 325, 330, 335, 336, 337, 338, 340, 354, 358, 363, 364, 368, 371-387 passim, 390, 392, 402n, 404n, 411n, 415n, 416n, 418n-419n, 420n, 424c, 426c, 427c, 428c, 432c, 433c, 434c, 438c, 441c; VI, 1, 2, 5, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 191, 208, 209, 214, 220, 221, 224, 225, 232, 233, 240, 245, 246, 247, 251, 274, 302, 303, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 343, 345, 346, 405n, 407n, 422c, 424c, 425c, 426c; VII, 7, 8, 10, 42, 43, 44, 45, 50, 51, 251, 252, 257, 261, 289, 314, 328, 335, 342, 344, 353, 360, 361, 362, 375, 377, 378, 379-386, 388, 389, 390, 391, 393n, 395n, 400n, 402n, 404n, 414c, 416c, 417c, 419c; VIII, 64, 72, 96, 116, 185, 194, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 224, 227, 230, 232, 237, 238, 239, 240, 269, 270, 273, 294, 297, 325, 379n, 385n, 387n, 394c, 395c, 396c, 398c; IX, 25, 49, 62, 63, 66, 74, 75, 76, 77, 147, 191, 192, 193, 223, 224, 284, 287, 311, 365n, 371n, 373n, 376c, 378c. X, v, 4, 9, 21, 53, 54, 55, 82, 83, 84, 88, 89, 90, 159, 163, 164, 165, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 184, 185, 189, 191, 193, 194, 201, 216, 232, 252, 253, 261, 262, 271, 291, 292, 323, 325, 328, 334, 336, 347, 348, 377n, 381n, 387n, 388n, 389n, 395c, 396c; XI, 1, 11, 14, 17, 19, 21, 62, 73, 98, 99, 100, 109, 116, 122, 221, 235, 237-238, 259, 262, 264, 270, 276, 286, 289, 319, 320, 321, 324, 325, 356n, 357n, 359n, 360n, 364n, 365n; XII, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 18, 19, 26, 53, 66, 69, 86, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 106, 179, 180, 209, 212, 213, 231, 232, 280, 281, 282, 287, 289, 313, 325, 335, 340, 341, 342, 345, 346, 347, 348, 352, 354, 372, 380n, 381n, 390c, 393c; XIII, 1, 2, 12, 15, 16, 23, 24, 26, 81, 82, 85, 107, 121, 219, 220, 221, 224, 275, 282, 327, 369, 372, 374, 375, 379, 381, 382n, 383n, 384n, 385n, 386n, 387n, 393n, 395n, 396n, 398n, 401c, 403c, 406c, 408c, 412c, 414c, 418c.

— after defeat of Left (Joint) Opposition — XI, 27-28.

— archives — VII, 363.

— Bureau — III, 392n, 412c, 413c; IV, 443c, 476c, 477c.

— Caucasian Bureau — V, 426c.

— Central Asian Bureau — VII, 415c.

— Central Commission for Agitation and Propaganda Among Women — V, 420n.

— criticism of — V, 307, 372; VI, 5-45 passim; IX, 311; XI, 98.

— decision making — XII, 107-108.

— Department of Agitation and Propaganda — V, 427c.

— Department of Registration and Allocation — V, 210, 390, 417n; VI, 218.

— disagreements in — V, 226-227; VII, 379-386; IX, 192.

— duties — II, 55.

— expulsions — IV, 217; X, 82-84, 189, 191, 200-205, 376n-377n, 384n; XI, 324.

— Foreign Bureau — II, 394n.

— Fourth Conference with Responsible Officials from National Republics and Oblasts — V, 291-341, 418n-419n, 439c.

— Stenographic report — V, 291.

— membership — V, 218-220; VI, 205, 219, 256, 257; VII, 419c; VIII, 209-211, 387n; XIII, 107, 121.

— Military Organization — III, 99, 158, 161, 163, 392n, 394n, 399n, 404n, 405n, 416c.

— "Minutes of RSDRP Central Committee. August, 1917-February, 1918 — IV, 27.

— mistakes and shortcomings — II, 55-58; V, 359, 362; VII, 313, 320; XI, 14.

— Orgburo — See main entry.

— plenums — II, 390n, 394n; III, 394n, 419c; IV, 459c, 460c, 462c, 464c, 471c, 474c; V, 244, 262, 296, 325, 335, 336, 372, 411n, 415n, 419n, 424c, 426c, 431c, 432c, 437c, 438c; VI, 5, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32-33, 33-39, 41, 43, 209-210, 250-251, 313-320, 326, 328, 410n, 411n, 414n, 417c, 419c, 420c-421c, 423c, 425c; VII, 6-10, 11-14, 331, 332, 360, 361, 385, 387-388, 392n-393n, 407c, 412c, 415c, 418c, 419c; VIII, 65, 116, 119, 134, 145, 176, 204, 205, 208, 209, 235, 236, 244, 246, 290, 293, 295, 296, 378n, 380n, 382n, 385n, 386n, 387n, 389c, 393c, 394c, 397c, 398c, 399c; IX, 49, 58, 192, 230, 295, 364n, 371n, 376c, 378c; X, 3, 67, 86, 91, 152, 172, 173, 175, 176, 178, 179, 184, 188, 191, 198, 376n, 377n, 384n, 392c, 393c, 396c; XI, vi, 27-64, 99, 100, 118, 119, 120, 122, 130, 139-196, 197-218, 235, 236, 245-290, 257, 262, 272, 277, 306, 309, 320, 321, 358n, 362n, 365n-366n, 367n, 371c, 375c; XII, v, 1, 8, 10, 25, 51, 61, 63, 97, 100, 107, 282, 285, 374n, 375n, 376n, 377n, 385n, 387c, 389c, 393c; XIII, 9, 10, 159-233, 383n-384n, 389n-390n, 401c, 404c, 405c, 407c, 409c, 411c.

— "Stenographic Report of July Plenum, 1926' — XII, 69.

— Politburo — See main entry.

— Press Bureau — III, 95.

— relations with local Party agencies — V, 230, 231.

— relations with provinces — III, 168-169.

— resolutions, decisions, appeals and directives — I, v; II, 47, 390n, 394n; III, 158f, 167, 405n, 411n, 416c; IV, 152-154, 214-216, 230-231, 277, 425n, 456c, 460c, 461c, 464c; V, 10-12, 193-194, 296, 372, 373, 387, 415n, 419n, 420n; VI, 12-14, 31, 32, 33, 220-224, 233, 329, 345, 346, 419c; VII, 330-331, 392-393n, 394n; VIII, 134, 146, 380n, 382n, 389c; IX, 197, 224-225, 283, 361, 369n; X, 188, 189, 376n-377n; XI, 11, 15, 99, 100, 101, 118-119, 130, 210, 241, 277, 288, 307, 323, 324, 359n, 360n, 367n; XII, 5, 106, 107, 202, 208, 210, 211, 213, 217, 231, 235, 286, 287, 289, 313, 325, 337, 345, 346, 374n, 380n, 385n, 386n, 390c, 391c; XIII, 23, 219, 390n, 393n, 395n, 408c, 311c. See also: "VKP(b) in Resolutions, and Decisions of Congresses, Congerences and Plenums of the Central Committee" (Part II).

— Russian Bureau (Collegium) — II, vi, 394n, 416c, 422c.

— Secretariat — See main entry.

— work during Civil War — IV, 214-217.

Central committees in union republics​

— V, 233, 338-339.

Central Control Commission​

— V, 207, 372, 373, 383, 404n, 416n, 419n, 420n, 438c, 440c; VI, 13, 24, 28, 31, 32, 33, 41, 209, 248, 250, 338; VII, 6, 7, 10, 19, 23, 392n, 394n, 402n, 407c; VIII, 176, 212, 224, 244, 246, 293, 294, 295, 296, 382n, 385n, 386n, 387n, 394c, 397c, 398c, 399c; IX, 49, 58, 364n, 368n; X, 3, 51, 67, 82, 84, 86, 91, 152, 163, 172, 173, 176, 178, 179, 180, 184, 185, 188, 189, 191, 328, 376n, 384n, 387n, 388n, 392c, 393c; XI, vi, 27, 30, 38, 46, 99, 100, 118, 119, 120, 122, 130, 259, 270, 356n, 357n, 358n, 365n, 371c; XII, v, 1, 8, 10, 97, 107, 313, 340, 347, 374n, 375n, 377n, 380n, 385n, 387c; XIII, 159, 369, 374, 382n, 389n, 390n, 395n, 396n, 398n, 401c, 411c, 412c.

— membership — VI, 205.

— Presidium — V, 372, 420n, 441c; VI, 6, 12, 13, 402n, 403n; VIII, 382n, 397c; X, 185, 202, 396c; XI, 62, 318, 319, 323, 358n, 376c; XII, 7, 49, 374n; XIII, 374, 389n.

Central Council of Trade Unions, All-Russian (All-Union) (VTsSPS)​

— V, 10, 199, 403n, 426c; VI, 324; VII, 286; VII, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 202, 382n, 384n, 395c; X, 315, 380n, 391n; XI, 136, 321; XII, 292, 314; XIII, 11.

— leaders — XII, 314.

— membership — V, 5.

— Presidium — VIII, 381n; XI, 62.

Central Executive Committee (of First Congress of Soviets, 1917)​

— III, 105, 106, 108, 111, 112-113, 117, 118, 122, 123-124, 131, 140, 147, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 169, 170, 177, 179, 180, 184, 185, 205, 257, 270, 284, 289, 290, 293, 335, 346, 347, 356, 359, 367, 378, 384, 400n, 405n, 407n, 408n, 409n, 410n, 411n, 416c, 417c, 420c; IV, 421n; V, 407n.

— Bolshevik fraction in — IV, 123-124, 356.

Central Executive Committee (of Congress of Soviets of RSFSR; VTsIK)​

— IV, 15, 32, 33, 43, 50, 71, 79, 80, 116, 132, 214, 215, 216, 217, 230, 251, 382, 391, 405, 416n, 418n, 424n-425n, 426n, 427n, 434n, 441c, 442c, 443c, 447c, 448c, 450c, 452c, 454c, 459c, 466c, 467c, 469c, 478c; V, 154, 260, 406n, 412n, 414n, 429c, 430c, 435c; VI, 408n, 419c; VII, 403n; IX, 378c; X, 386n.

— Presidium — IV, 454c, 469c, 478c; V, 145, 152, 153, 154, 425c, 427c, 428c, 429c, 435c; VI, 420c; VII, 413c; XI, 186, 187, 377c.

Central Executive Committee (of Congress of Soviets of USSR; TsIK SSSR)​

— V, 143, 146, 258, 260, 262-263, 398a, 400a, 401a, 413n, 436c; VI, 409n; VII, 283; VIII, 310; IX, 378c; X, 126; XI, 46, 50, 359n; XII, 384n, 389c; XIII, 374, 392n, 400c, 401c, 402c, 406c, 409c, 412c, 417c.

— composition and powers — V, 397a-398a.

— Council of Nationalities — V, 277, 294-295, 323-324, 436c; VI, 404n.

— Council of the Union — V, 324; VI, 404n; 420c; VII, 413c; XII, 388c; XIII, 403c.

— decrees, resolutions and manifestos — X, 195, 315, 384n; XII, 391c.

— membership — X, 126.

— Presidium — V, 295-296, 324-325, 335, 336, 340-341, 398a, 399a, 419n, 436c; VI, 420c; VII, 413c, 414c, 417c; XI, 377c.

— structure — V, 278, 324.

Central executive committees of Soviet republics​

— IV, 33; V, 153, 429c.

See individual CEC's under name of republic.

Central Inspection Commission of CPSU​

— X, 388n; XI, 356n, 358n; XII, 375n, 380n; XIII, 382n, 395n.

Central Ordnance Administration​

— IV, 218, 219, 220.

Central School for Soviet and Party Work​

— V, 414n; XI, 360n.

Central Statistical Administration (TsSU)​

— VII, 329, 385; XI, 85, 89, 90; XII, 171.

Central Supply Administration​

— IV, 213, 218, 220.

Central Union of Agricultural Cooperatives, All-Russian (Khlebotsentr)​

— XI, 194, 365n, 369c.

Central Union of Consumer Cooperatives (Tsentrosoyuz)​

— V, 124-125, 126, 200, 201.

Centralism, political​

— I, 49. See also: CPSU—centralism; Democratic centralism; RSDRP—centralism.

Changes​

— quantitative and qualitative — I, 301, 309, 376.

Chauvinism​

— VI, 147; XIII, 28, 293.

Chauvinism in Transcaucasia​

— V, 251-254.

Chauvinism, Armenian​

— V, 272.

Chauvinism, Azerbaidzhanian​

— V, 189, 192, 239, 250, 267-268, 272.

Chauvinism, Bashkir​

— V, 267-268.

Chauvinism, Georgian​

— V, 189, 192, 239, 249-250, 256, 267-268, 272.

Chauvinism, Great Russian​

— V, 27-28, 40, 187, 193, 238-278 passim, 309, 335, 404n, 417n; VI, 75; XII, 362-371 passim. See also: Russification.

Chauvinism, Uzbek​

— V, 189, 192, 239, 250.

Chechens​

— IV, 113-114, 181, 400, 401-407; V, 26, 39, 47; VII, 142-143.

Check-ups on fulfilment (proverka ispolnenia)​

— XI, 62-63; XII, 328; XIII, 317, 365, 369, 372-375, 408c.

Cheka (Extraordinary Commission to Combat Counterrevolution and Sabotage)​

— IV, 215, 216, 217, 223, 402, 406; VIII, 192, 398c; X, 234.

See also: Commissariat of Internal Affairs; GPU.

Chemical industry in Soviet Union​

— See: Industry in SU (types).

Cheremis​

— See: Mari.

Cherkess​

— V, 25.

Chief of Staff, All-Russian​

— See: Red Army — Chief of Staff.

Children, illegitimate, in socialist state​

— VIII, 302.

China​

— as target of imperialist war — XIII, 295.

— economy — VII, 146; X, 275; XII, 238-239.

— foreign relations — XIII, 182-183.

— independence — VI, 300; VII, 396n.

See also: Bourgeoisie in C; Capitalism in C; Communism in C; Compradors in C; Concessions, foreign, in C; Counterrevolution in C; Dictatorship of proletariat in C; Dictatorship of proletariat and peasantry in C; Feudalism in C; Foreign relations of SU—with C; Freedom in C; Imperialism in C; Industry in C; International friction—between C and Japan; National movements in C; Peasant committees in C; Peasantry in C; Proletariat in C; Railroads in C; Revolution in C; Revolution, agrarian, in C; Revolution, bourgeois-democratic, in C; Revolution, national-liberation, in C; Revolution, socialist, in C; Socialism in C; Soviets in C; Strikes in C; Trade unions in C; United States—foreign relations—with C; "Warlords" in C; Workers' movement in C; Working conditions in C.

Chinese Army​

— See: Chinese Red Army; Kuomintang—army.

Chinese Communist Party​

— VII, 396n; VIII, 390c; X, 8-9.

— Central Committee — IX, 343; X, 8.

— deviations and opposition groups — X, 24.

— membership — IX, 342; X, 35.

— peasant policy — VIII, 368-371; IX, 264-265.

— relations with Kuomintang — VIII, 366-367, 373; IX, 203-204, 223-225, 226, 227, 229, 230, 237, 242-245, 250-251, 262, 265-266, 294-296, 333-334, 340-343, 346-348, 350-360 passim, 370n; X, 16-36 passim, 65-66, 154-155, 379n. See also: Wuhan Government — role of Chinese CP; — split with Communists.

— relations with proletariat — VIII, 371-372; IX, 264; X, 19-20.

— strength — X, 35-36, 283.

— tactics (1926-1927) — VIII, 374; IX, 262-268, 340-343, 346, 350-360 passim; X, 26-36; (after rupture with Wuhan Government) — X, 156-157.

— tasks (1926) — VIII, 366-367.

Chinese Eastern Railroad​

— XII, 257, 378n; XIII, 304-305.

Chinese Red Army​

— IX, 266-267; XII, 251.

Chinese Revolution of 1926-1927​

— VII, 396n, 400n; VIII, 357-374; IX, vi, 331-361; X, 154-157, 283; XI, 199.

— aims — VIII, 364-367.

— analogy to Russian Revolution of 1905 — VIII, 357-359, 363, 366; IX, 301-302, 357-358; X, 12.

— analogy to Russian Revolution of 1917 — IX, 298-300, 303, 304, 358-359; X, 29-30.

— as anti-imperialist war — VIII, 360-362; IX, 244, 258, 286-287, 290-291, 370n; X, 14-15, 16, 25-26.

— Canton Government — IX, 247; X, 18, 22-23, 30-31.

— Communist defeat in 1927 — IX, 357; X, 33, 34, 66.

— foreign intervention — VIII, 359-362; IX, 198-202, 222, 313, 323, 324, 325, 369n, 370n; X, 50, 379n.

— goal of tariff autonomy — IX, 287, 288, 289, 291, 309, 334, 335, 336, 360; X, 10, 156.

— Hong Kong Strike of 1925 — X, 15, 22, 379n.

— Nanking "incident" — IX, 198-102, 225, 369n.

— nationalization of enterprises — IX, 267-268.

— nature — VIII, 357-359; IX, 228, 256-258, 285-293, 299, 308, 333-338; X, 156.

— results — X, 283.

— role of bourgeoisie — IX, 221-222, 223-227, 333-335, 340, 343, 346, 370n; X, 20.

— role of Comintern — See: Communist International — policy on Chinese Revolution.

— role of peasantry — VIII, 367-371; IX, 224, 259-260, 372n.

— role of proletariat — VIII, 366; IX, 308; X, 19-20.

— role of Soviet Union — VIII, 359; IX, 222, 332.

— role of "warlords" — VIII, 360-361; X, 32, 283.

— role of youth — VIII, 373.

— Shanghai Strike of 1925 — X, 22.

— stages

— first (Canton) — IX, 223-225, 333-334, 340-341; X, 14, 15-25, 379n.

— second (Wuhan) — IX, 225-227, 341-343; X, 14, 25-34, 379n. See also: Wuhan Government.

— third (Soviet) — X, 14, 26. See also: Revolution, bourgeois-democratic in China — transition to socialist; Revolution, socialist, in China.

— Wuhan Government — See main entry.

See also: Chinese CP; Kuomintang; Revolution in C; Revolution, agrarian, in C; Revolution, bourgeois- democratic, in C; Revolution, national-liberation, in C; Revolution, socialist, in C; Soviets in C; Wuhan Government.

Chinese "warlords"​

— See: Chinese Revolution — role of warlords.

Christianity​

— V, 347.

Church​

— See: Armenian Church; Clericalism; Education — separation from church; Georgian church; Religious faiths in Russia.

Church in Soviet Union​

— X, 372, 373, 374. See also: Anti-religious propaganda.

Church, Russian Orthodox​

— II, 240-241, 267; IV, 237.

— Holy Synod — II, 240-241.

Church and state​

— separation — I, 139; X, 132.

Churches in Soviet Union​

— removal of valuable objects — XI, 50.

Chuvash​

— IV, 418n.

— autonomy — IV, 355; 404.

Citizenship in USSR​

— V, 439c.

City and countryside​

— abolition of contradictions between — X, 122; XII, 160-161; XIII, 335-336.

— relations (trade) between — I, 219; III, 153, 173, 240, 252, 255, 259, 333-334; VI, 240-248, 259-260; XII, 56-68 passim, 156-161; XIII, 202-206. See also: Domestic trade in SU.

Civil rights​

— as weapon of proletariat — I, 43.

Civil rights in Russia​

— I, 22, 36; II, 222, 237; III, 17, 131, 154. See also: Freedom in R; Nationalities in R—civil equality.

Civil service, elective​

— III, 154, 369.

Civil War of 1918-1920​

— IV, 232, 234, 291, 320-323, 365; V, 69-70, 82, 88, 89, 186; VIII, 138; IX, 144, 210-211; X, 105-106, 117.

— Bolshevik strategy — V, 163-164.

— in Baltic area — IV, 178-180, 183-185, 232, 423n.

— in "borderlands" — IV, 162, 226-227.

— in Caucasus and Transcaucasia — IV, 35, 54-64, 93-94, 95-100, 102, 181, 232, 379-380, 408-411, 419n; V, 408n.

— in Crimea — IV, 232. See also: —on Crimean Front.

— in Finland — IV, 180, 185.

— in Poland — IV, 232.

— in Siberia — IV, 232. See also: — on Eastern Front.

— in Turkestan — IV, 118, 144, 232, 236, 418n.

— in Ukraine — IV, 10-14, 16-18, 19-21, 34, 39-40, 174-176, 180-181, 185, 232, 423n.

— on Crimean Front (Wrangel) — IV, 333-334, 335, 339-341, 344-345, 388, 394, 400.

— on Eastern Front (Kolchak) — IV, 186-189, 190-194, 195-196, 197-224, 262, 270-271, 425n, 456c-457c; VI, 336-337; XI, 217.

— on Finnish Front — IV, 268-269, 432n.

— on Petrograd Front (Feb., 1918) — IV, 38, 39; (Yudenich offensive) — IV, 258-260, 261, 262-264, 265-271, 431n, 460c-463c.

— on Polish Front (1919) — IV, 272-274, 432n. See also: Soviet-Polish War.

— on Southern Front (Denikin) — IV, 122-126, 127, 131-133, 146-147, 148-156, 275-277, 278, 281, 289-291, 432n, 451c, 452c, 453c, 454c, 460c, 464c-469c, 473c; V, 163-164, 166, 167, 353; VI, 337. See also: —on Tsaritsyn Front.

— on Southern Front (Wrangel) — IV, 473c-475c. See also: —on Crimean Front.

— on Tsaritsyn Front — IV, 118, 120-121, 129, 130, 450c, 451c-454c, 452c, 453c, 454c.

— reasons for defeat of Whites — IV, 284-288, 323, 325-326.

— role of Allies — IV, 138, 162, 227, 266, 267, 283-284, 296, 319-321, 333-334, 335, 339, 340, 344, 371, 376, 377, 379-380, 383, 385-389 passim; V, 115-116; XIII, 109. See also: Intervention in Russian Civil War.

— role of Armenia — IV, 377.

— role of Central Powers — IV, 99-100, 104-115, 138, 225-226.

— role of Cossacks — IV, 122, 123, 124, 127, 132, 276-277, 286, 400; V, 246.

— role of foreign embassies — IV, 263, 267, 268.

— role of France — IV, 17, 19-21, 120, 346. See also: —role of Allies; Intervention in Russian Civil War.

— role of Georgia — IV, 377.

— role of Great Britain — IV, 263, 346.

See also: —role of Allies; Intervention in Russian Civil War.

— role of imperialist powers — IV, 181.

— role of "masses" — X, 105-106.

— role of minority nationalities — IV, 168-170, 286-287.

— role of peasantry — VIII, 93, 346, 371.

— role of Poland — IV, 282, 296, 377.

See also: Soviet-Polish War of 1920.

— role of proletariat — IX, 197-198; XIII, 243.

— role of Rumania — IV, 377.

— role of Trotsky — See: Trotsky — activity during Civil War (Part II).

— role of Turkey — IV, 97, 102, 346, 419n.

— role of United States — IV, 346.

— Soviet losses — IV, 55, 192, 198-199, 221-222.

— strength of Bolsheviks — IV, 378-379.

— strength of Whites — IV, 377-380.

— support for Bolsheviks — IX, 319.

— White losses — IV, 278, 290.

See also: Czechoslovak Legion; Intervention in Russian Civil War; Red Army (Civil War period); War Communism.

Class conciliation​

— I, 352, 354; II, 194 Class conflict — I, 282; II, 328.

Class conflict (and antagonism) in Russia​

— I, 33, 40, 62-63; II, 229-230.

— among nationalities — IV, 161-162.

— in agriculture — I, 223, 226-227.

See also: Agriculture—capitalist development; Peasantry in R(SU)—class differentiation.

See also: Class struggle.

Class consciousness​

— development — II, 110-113.

— of proletariat — See: Proletariat—class consciousness; Proletariat in Russia—class consciousness.

— of soldiers — See: Army, Russian—class consciousness in.

Class differentiation in Russia​

— II, 213-214, 226. See also: Peasantry in R—class differentiation.

Class struggle​

— I, 101, 112, 217, 344-347, 353-354; XI, 366n-367n; XII, 29-34.

Class struggle in capitalist states​

— XI, 298-301; XII, 252f; — in Finland — IV, 4-5; — in Russia — I, xiii, 14, 161-163, 277-285; II, 4, 8, 118, 127, 149, 150-151, 194, 248-249. (See also: Class conflict in R); — in Soviet Union — VII, 173-181, 336; XI, 130, 168-172, 322; XII, vi, 10-16, 28-39, 144, 163-164, 185, 302-316 passim, 353; XIII, 37, 69f, 206-212, 350f. (See also: Collective farms—class struggle in; Contradictions in SU).

Classes​

— abolition — I, 335, 360; IX, 91, 129-130; X, 95, 134; XII, 32-33, 41-43; XIII, 118, 211, 355-356.

— disappearance — VI, 181.

— under capitalism — I, 331; VIII, 186; XII, 16-18.

Classes in Caucasus​

— IV, 52; — in Russia — I, 277.

Classes in Soviet Union​

— IV, 88, 170, 341; X, 330-331; XI, 312; XII, 10-16, 18-19, 166-170, 184, 186; XIII, 334.

— abolition — IX, 23, 127, 183; XI, 162-163; XIII, 172, 334.

— disappearance — VIII, 92.

Classes, privileged​

— I, 23.

Clergy in Soviet Union​

— V, 203; X, 133.

Clericalism​

— I, 67.

Clericalism in Georgia​

— I, 33. See also: Georgian church.

Coal industry in Soviet Union​

— See: Industry in SU (types).

Coalition government (proposed by Kamenev and Zinoviev after October Revolution)​

— XII, 5. See also: Provisional Government of 1917—coalition government.

Coexistence of capitalism and socialism (communism)​

— VIII, 23-24, 66, 119, 261-263, 287-288; X, 288-289; XI, 200. See also: War—inevitability between SU and capitalist states; World—division between capitalism and socialism.

Collective bargaining​

— II, 81-86, 87-91, 183.

Collective contracts​

— II, 102, 136-140, 169-170, 389n; XI, 369c.

Collective farm market​

— See: Domestic trade in SU—collective farm market.

Collective farms​

— V, 428c; VI, 217, 250; VII, 81-82; X, 307; XI, 185-187, 190, 193-194, 262-263, 268-269, 272, 273, 318, 321; XII, 12, 58, 62, 63, 64, 80, 81, 151, 154-156, 159, 279, 285-290; XIII, 6, 14, 241f, 393n.

— anti-Soviet elements in — XIII, 227-231.

— area occupied — XII, 85. See also: —crop area.

— attitude of peasantry — XII, 65, 67, 286, 308, 334; XIII, 195, 221, 236-242, 268.

— care of property — XIII, 245.

— class struggle in — XII, 163-164.

— criticism of — XIII, 70, 192, 363.

— crop area and size — XII, 226, 286, 288, 346; XIII, 323-324.

— distribution of income — XIII, 245.

— forms — XII, 196. See also: Artel, agricultural; Commune, agricultural; Societies for Joint Cultivation of Land.

— goal of prosperity — XIII, 247-250, 357-360.

— income — XIII, 220-221.

— individual ownership of cows — XIII, 252.

— land and equipment — XIII, 244.

— leadership — XIII, 223-225, 327.

— "Model Statutes" — XII, 197, 204, 210, 214.

— nature — XI, 90; XII, vii, 161-165; XIII, 225-229.

— number — XIII, 190.

— production — XI, 84-86, 89-90; XII, 168-169, 288-289, 290, 308; XIII, 34, 268.

— profitability — XIII, 192, 194.

— relations with individual peasant farmers — XI, 181-184.

— role in collectivization of agriculture — XII, 67, 193, 281.

— role of Party in — XIII, vii, 223-225, 231-233.

— role of women — XIII, 339.

— shortcomings — XII, 162.

— state assistance — XI, 89, 225-226; XII, 222-223, 286, 287-288, 315; XIII, 337.

— success — XIII, 71.

— tasks (1930) — XII, 225-228.

— technical personnel — XIII, 327.

— withdrawal from — XII, 218-223, 310, 311; XIII, 221.

Collective leadership​

— VII, 391; X, 328; XII, 7-8, 99-103; XIII, 107-108.

Collective ownership​

— See: Property, collective.

Collectivism​

— Anarchist view — I, 357-358.

Collectivization of agriculture​

— III, 58; IV, 256; X, 221-226, 228, 305-309; XI, v, 5-9, 41-42, 74-75, 88-90, 120-121, 163, 181-187, 209, 214, 227f; XII, v, vii, 58-68, 85, 125-134, 141, 146, 149, 179, 185, 187-188, 191-199, 202-228, 279-290, 333-335, 355-356, 359, 381n, 385n; XIII, 53, 172, 188-196, 267-268, 382n.

— decision — X, v, 388n; XI, 9, 357n.

— degree of collectivization — XII, 191, 219-220; XIII, 190-191, 322-324.

— difficulties — XIII, 317-318.

— financing — XII, 65, 68.

— in Turkestan — XII, 195-209.

— opposition to — XII, 125, 334-335. See also: —slaughter of livestock; Collective farms—criticism of.

— reasons — XI, 5-9.

— results — XIII, 245f.

— role of Party — XII, 315-316; XIII, 194-196.

— role of state farms — X, 308-309; XII, 67, 193, 281, 334.

— role of "workers' brigades" — XII, 128. See also: —role of Party; —use of force.

— slaughter of livestock — XIII, 321-322.

— tempo — XII, 152-153; XIII, 194-196, 322-324.

— use of force and other "excesses" — XII, viii, 193-195, 197-199, 203-207, 208-209, 211-217, 286-287, 357-358.

— view of foreign press — XIII, 164.

See also: Agrarian policy and attitude toward peasantry of CPSU and Soviet Government; Collective farms; State farms.

Cologne Democratic Society​

— IX, 243, 371n.

Colonialism​

— VI, 73-74, 94. See also: Imperialism.

Colonies and dependent countries​

— as basis for industrial development — VII, 195-196.

— industrialization — VI, 73.

— types — VII, 146.

See also: Communist parties in —; Exploitation, imperialistic; Peasantry in —; Proletariat in —; Revolution in —; Revolution, national-liberation, in —.

Colonization​

— of Russia — III, 211.

— of Russian "borderlands" — IV, 352-353.

Comintern​

— See: Communist International.

Commissariat of Agriculture​

— V, 152, 302, 412n; XII, 274, 385n; XIII, 3, 327, 328, 329.

Commissariat of Domestic Trade​

— VI, 199, 243, 244, 245, 408n.

Commissariat of Education​

— V, 152, 412n; VII, 4; XI, 216.

Commissariat of Finance​

— V, 152, 154, 296, 325, 412n; VI, 208, 218, 408n; VII, 289, 312, 323, 361-362, 367, 369, 404n; XI, 274, 276.

Commissariat of Food​

— IV, 218, 220; V, 41, 152, 154, 296, 325.

Commissariat of Foreign Affairs​

— V, 42, 152, 153, 242, 296, 325, 335-336, 341; VII, 363; X, 373, 374.

Commissariat of Foreign Trade​

— V, 148, 152, 153, 243, 296, 325, 335, 336, 341; VI, 199, 408n; VII, 368; X, 294.

Commissariat of Heavy Industry​

— XIII, 344, 387n.

Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD)​

— IV, 214, 215, 216, 217; V, 152.

Commissariat of Justice​

— V, 152.

Commissariat of Labor​

— V, 152, 154, 296, 325; VII, 322; X, 315; XII, 292.

Commissariat of Light Industry​

— XIII, 315.

Commissariat of Military Affairs​

— IV, 450c; V, 152, 153, 296, 325; VII, 380.

Commissariat of Nationalities​

— III, 411n; IV, 49, 66, 78, 85, 101, 103, 231, 438n, 452c; V, 423c, 424c, 425c, 429c, 435c, 436c.

Commissariat of Posts and Telegraph​

— V, 152, 153, 296, 325.

Commissariat of State Control​

— IV, 251, 256-257, 430n, 458c, 459c, 460c; XIII, 388n.

Commissariat of State Farms​

— XIII, 325, 326, 328, 329.

Commissariat of State Inspection​

— V, 152, 154.

Commissariat of Supply​

— XIII, 343, 386n.

Commissariat of the Food Industry​

— XIII, 315.

Commissariat of the National Economy​

— V, 152, 154.

Commissariat of Trade​

— X, 324.

Commissariat of Transportation​

— IV, 221, 457c; V, 152, 153, 296, 325; VI, 25, 43, 318; XI, 216, 217; XII, 12.

Commissariat of Workers' and Peasants' Inspection​

— IV, 364-369, 472c, 476c; V, 207, 296, 325, 416n, 427c, 429c, 430c; VI, 250; IX, 368n; X, 376n, 388n; XI, 73, 356n; XIII, 369, 373, 388n, 389n, 395n, 396n.

Commissariats, all-union​

— V, 143, 152, 296, 325, 335, 336.

Commissariats, union-republic​

— V, 143, 152-153, 296.

Commissars, the "twenty-six"​

— See: Baku commissars—execution of.

Commission on History of the October Revolution and the VKP(b) (Ispart)​

— VII, 8; XIII, 387n.

Committee for the Salvation of the Fatherland and the Revolution​

— III, 391n.

Committee of Public Safety​

— See: French Revolution — Committee of Public Safety.

Committees of Peasant Poor​

— VII, 217, 336, 409n; IX, 216; X, 196; XII, 89-90.

Committee of Public Salvation (in Russia, 1917)​

— III, 59.

Commodity production​

— I, 33, 332; IX, 91. See also: Production, capitalist; Production, socialist.

Commune of 1871​

— See: Paris Commune of 1871.

Communes, agricultural​

— IV, 256; V, 428c; XI, 186; XII, 196, 197, 206, 210, 211, 223-224; XIII, 351-354, 357.

Communes, industrial​

— XIII, 357.

Communism​

— IV, 306; XI, 143.

— establishment — XI, 311.

— final victory — VII, 1. See also: Socialism — final victory.

— international prerequisites — X, 134-135.

— opposition to social democracy — See: Social democracy — opposition of Communists.

— tasks in Asia — IV, 172-173.

See also: Socialism — final stage; — final victory.

Communism in China​

— IV, 173; — in India — IV, 173; — in Iran — IV, 173.

Communism, free​

— I, 357.

Communism, primitive​

— I, 311, 314, 338-339.

Communist Academy​

— VIII, 277, 278, 396c; XI, 81, 98, 372c; XII, 378n.

Communist formula ("From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.")​

— I, 336-337, 359, 361; X, 134; XIII, 118, 355. See also: Socialist formula.

Communist International (Comintern)​

— III, 391n; IV, 243, 244, 322, 379, 429n; V, 65; VI, 59, 183; VIII, 163, 166, 219, 330; IX, 366n.

— activity — VII, 292-293.

— conditions for membership — V, 65, 406n; XI, 304.

— criticism of — X, 3f, 217-218.

— deviations and opposition groups — V, 65; VII, 188-190; VIII, 1-10 passim, 211, 222-223, 231, 353, 392c, 395c; IX, vi, 8-12, 48-52, 362n, 372n-373n; X, 7, 57, 81-82, 89-90, 166-167, 367; XI, 316; XII, 22f, 375n.

— dissolution (1943) — X, 378n.

— Executive Committee. See main entry.

— expulsions — VIII, 385n; X, 89-90, 359; XI, 302.

— International Control Commission (IKK) — X, 153, 162, 393c; XI, 363n; XII, 375n.

— organization of — IV, 392; VI, 51.

— peace policy — VII, 280.

— policy toward Chinese Revolution of 1925-27 — IX, 284-311 passim, 331-361 passim; X, 8, 17-36 passim.

— program — XI, 141-156, 202-204, 362n, 374c; XII, 375n.

— relations with national parties — VII, 67; X, 3-10, 129.

— relations with Second International — X, 214, 248, 250.

— role of Soviet Union and CPSU — VIII, 332; XII, 4-5, 7.

— statutes — XI, 364n; XII, 375n.

— strength — X, 284.

— unity — X, 346-347.

Communist International​

— congresses

— First (Moscow, March 2-6, 1919) — IV, 243, 429n, 458c.

— Second (July-August, 1920) — III, 30, 394n; IV, 473c; V, 406n; VII, 325, 326, 327, 404n; VIII, 37, 38, 377n; IX, 218, 232, 233, 234, 237, 261; X, 11, 66; XI, 150, 154, 304, 305; XIII, 299, 396n-397n.

— resolutions — VIII, 58, 377n; IX, 296, 297; X, 15; XI, 367n.

— "The Second Congress of the Comintern, July-August, 1920' — III, 394n.

— "Theses on the National Question" — III, 30.

— Third (June-July, 1921) — XI, 95, 360n; XII, 184.

— Fourth (November, 1922) — V, 433c; VII, 404n; XI, 93, 94, 360n.

— Fifth (June-July, 1924) — VI, 275-276, 294, 402n, 410n, 411n, 412n-413n, 423c, 424c; VII, 220, 226, 395n, 400n; IX, 14, 17, 145, 364n; X, 74, 362, 382n; XI, 197, 198, 200, 286, 362n.

— "Manifesto of Communist International to the World Proletariat" — VI, 424c.

— Polish Commission — VI, 264-272, 411n, 423c.

— Political Commission — VI, 423c.

— Program Commission — VI, 423c.

— resolutions — VI, 424c; X, 382n.

— "Stenographic Report" — VII, 220, 226.

— Sixth (July-September, 1928) — XI, 197, 200, 202, 204, 295, 296, 304, 306, 362n, 363n-364n, 373c, 374c; XII, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 375n.

— Political Commission — XI, 374c.

— Program Commission — XI, 156, 202-203, 362n.

— resolutions — XI, 296, 301, 302, 303, 306, 309.

— "Stenographic Report of the Sixth Congress of the Comintern" — XI, 366n, 367n.

Communist parties​

— Bolshevization — VII, 37-40; XII, 26.

— democracy in — VIII, 112-113.

— deviations and opposition groups — VIII, 1-10; XII, vi, 16, 18, 22f. See also: Communist International — deviations and opposition groups.

— discipline — XI, 303, 304; XII, 22-23.

— expulsion — VII, 44-46, 66-67.

— growth — XII, 16, 253-254.

— ideological foundation — XI, 280.

— nature — VIII, 34-35, 36; X, 98-99.

— opportunism in — XII, 16.

— peace policy — IX, 323.

— press and publications — XI, 304.

— relations with masses — X, 28, 39, 344-346.

— relations with other parties — VIII, 176-191 passim; IX, 242-243, 306-307.

— relations with peasantry — XI, 154.

— relations with proletariat — VIII, 200-201.

— relations with trade unions — VII, 57, 235-237, 176-191 passim, 222-223, 229, 379n-380n; X, 38-39; XII, 17.

— relations with women — VII, 49.

— strength — X, 7, 200; XIII, 215.

— tactics (1920's) — VIII, 222; IX, 332, 337-338; (1930) — XII, 253-254, 383n.

— tasks (1925) — VII, 57-58, 102-106; (1926) — VIII, 167; IX, 45f; (1928) — XI, 202.

— unity — X, 7.

See also: individual CP's (listed under nationality, such as French CP, German CP, etc.); Communist International.

Communist parties in Asia​

— VI, 285.

Communist parties in capitalist countries​

— VI, 413n; X, 242; XI, 224-225; XIII, 293.

Communist parties in colonial and dependent countries​

— X, 343-344.

— deviations in — VII, 151.

— relations with bourgeoisie — X, 12-13.

— tactics — VII, 146-150.

— tasks (1925) — VII, 106-109.

Communist parties in Europe​

— V, 119; VI, 269, 285, 286, 292-294, 297.

— Bolshevization — VI, 292-294; VII, 398n.

— deviations — VIII, 109-110.

— relations with peasants — VII, 372.

— relations with Soviet Union — VIII, 109-110.

— relations with trade unions — VII, 46-47, 102-106, 282-283; IX, 46.

Communist Parties in Transcaucasia​

— — First Congress — V, 231.

— Third Congress — VI, 421c.

— Sixth Congress — XIII, 11, 384n.

Communist Party of Armenia​

— Central Committee — V, 229.

Communist Party of Azerbaidzhan​

— Central Committee — IV, 417n, 477c; V, 229; VII, 411c.

— Politburo of Central Committee — IV, 476c.

Communist Party of Belorussia​

— Central Committee — IV, 423n.

— organization — IV, 456c.

Communist Party of Bukhara​

— V, 330.

— Central Committee — VI, 418c.

Communist Party of Georgia​

— V, 88-100, 230, 256-257; VI, 209.

— Central Committee — V, 229, 230, 233, 234, 427c, 433c; VIII, 397c.

— membership — V, 98-99.

— tasks (1921) — V, 88-100, 427c.

— congresses

— First — V, 230.

— Second — V, 230.

Communist Party of Khoresm​

— V, 330.

Communist Party of Soviet Union (RKP(b), VKP(b))​

— accomplishments — VIII, 148; X, 352-353.

— agrarian policy — See: Agrarian policy and attitude toward peasantry of CPSU and Soviet Government; Agriculture in SU; Collectivization of agriculture.

— aims — VII, 204-205.

— apparatus — V, 206, 214-222, 235, 372, 380-382, 384; VI, 9-10, 15-16, 38, 198, 217-218, 222-224, 226-227; VIII, 224-225, 23., 292-293; XI, 276.

— as leader of proletariat — V, 72; VI, 170-173, 177-179; VIII, 34-35, 36, 45f; X, 99, 263.

— bourgeoisie in — VI, 44; IX, 145-146; X, 186-187; XIII, 207.

— bureaucracy in — VI, 31-32, 186-187, 188; VII, 31, 172, 209-211; VIII, 224-225; IX, 51, 267, 268; X, 332-333; XI, 70-71, 99-100, 131; XII, 4, 7, 13, 312, 313. See also: Bureaucracy in SU.

— centralism — VI, 176, 178.

— check-ups — See: Check-ups on fulfilment.

— collective leadership — See: Collective leadership.

— contradictions in — XIII, 43.

— criticism in — See: Criticism and self-criticism.

— criticism of — IX, 48-51, 58-59, 116-126 passim; X, 53, 164-166, 180-181, 217-218, 256, 258, 325; XII, 3-4. See also: —degeneration; —disagreements in; —factions and opposition groups; Deviations, ideological, in SU (CPSU).

— defects and shortcomings in — V, 356-362, 368-370; VI, 302-310; X, 329, 333.

— degeneration — V, 384-387; VI, 223; VII, 341-342; VIII, 236; IX, 70f, 143-144; X, 57, 80-81, 82, 87-88, 165-166, 201-202, 342; XI, 133.

— "democracy" in — V, 223-225, 357-358, 363, 370, 372-387 passim; VI, 5-45, 209-210, 226-227, 230, 231, 255, 256-257; VII, 382-383; VIII, 144-146, 209-213, 225-227, 230; X, 327f; XI, 71, 134; XII, 356.

— deviations — See: Deviations, ideological, in SU (CPSU).

— dictatorship in — VI, 42.

— dictatorship of — VI, 25, 44, 258; VIII, 37-43, 47-60, 79-81; X, 68.

— disagreements in — V, 4-14; VI, 5-45 passim, 57-59, 182, 220-233, 253-255, 265-266, 324-357 passim; VII, 257-258, 348, 353-391 passim; VIII, 53, 55, 64-75, 95-98, 234-297 passim, 298-356 passim; XI, 308; XII, 10f.

See also: —discussion in; — factions and opposition groups; Deviations, ideological, in SU (CPSU).

— discipline — V, 363, 369-370, 388, 389; VI, 24, 38-39, 40-41, 180, 181-182, 232, 353; VIII, 44-45, 225-227, 293, 351-354; IX, 47; X, vi, 59, 78-84, 99, 164, 203-205, 377n; XI, 323-324; XII, 106-107, 342, 356. See also: —unity.

— discussion in — V, 354-355; VI, 1-2, 7; VIII, 230, 232, 326-327; X, 181-182, 216, 252-253, 334-335. See also: —disagreements in.

— elections in — V, 218, 361-362, 363, 368-369; VI, 16, 254; XI, 288.

— expulsions — VI, 24, 41, 44, 183; VII, 379-380; VIII, 212, 230, 293-295, 385n; IX, 49, 363n; X, 83-84, 89, 132, 161, 180, 189, 350, 351, 358-359, 368-371, 382n, 388n; XI, 235, 302, 314.

— factions, opposition groups and factionalism — IV, 430n, 433n-434n, 435n; V, 356, 371-387, 404n; VI, v, 215-245 passim, 181-186, 219, 222, 224-225, 402n, 403n, 407n; VII, 381-391 passim, 418c, 419c; VIII, 73-75, 144-146, 209-213, 214-233, 234-297 passim, 298-356 passim, 378n, 385n, 389c, 395c; IX, 3-151 passim, 378n, 385n, 389c, 395c; IX, 3-151 passim, 363n; X, 78-84, 90-91, 161, 178-180, 365; XI, 286-287, 318-325; XII, 96-98, 99, 106, 175, 356; XIII, 12, 126-130. See also: "Democratic Centralism" group; Labor Group; Left Opposition (1918); Left (Joint) Opposition; Leningrad Opposition; Military Opposition; New Opposition; Right Opposition; Trotsky Opposition (1923); Workers' Opposition; "Workers' Truth" group.

— guidance (rukovodstvo) — IX, 159-162; X, 329; XII, 341f.

— history — V, 71, 86, 101-108, 308-309, 314-317; VI, 354; IX, 3; XI, 284; XIII, vii; (Civil War period) — V, 105-112, 360, 379-380; VI, 278. For earlier periods see: Bolshevism — history; RSDRP — history; RSDRP(b).

— ideological foundation — VI, 89-90; XI, 280.

— implementation of policy — IX, 157-159; XII, 232; XIII, 364-375. See also: Check-ups on fulfilment.

— in border areas — V, 1-3, 27-29, 40; V, 192-194, 293-294, 300, 301-312, 314-326 passim, 361; VI, 11, 209. See also: — nationalities in.

— insubordination in — V, 231-232, 233, 426c; VI, 13-15, 38-39, 43.

See also: —discipline.

— internal policy — V, 355, 370, 371-387, 388-391; VI, 5-45 passim, 208-210, 219, 229-231, 253-255; X, 160-167. See also: — "democracy in"; —discipline; — factions, opposition groups and factionalism.

— leadership — V, 219-220, 357-358, 361-362, 384-387, 390; VI, 16-19, 23, 203-205, 226, 256-257, 259-260, 350-351, 354-356; VII, 6-10, 126-128; X, 107, 159, 160, 194; XI, 31-32, 288; XIII, 121. See also: — degeneration; Collective leadership.

— liberalism in — XIII, 98, 99.

— "line" — XII, 2-10, 96, 97, 106-107, 342f; XIII, 1, 12.

— local agencies — VI, 259-260; VII, 126-128; XII, 336-337. See also: —rural organizations.

— membership — IV, 391-392; V, 28-29, 98-99, 214-215, 224, 234, 294, 330, 355, 390; VI, 22, 23, 46, 58, 174-175, 201-203, 216; VII, 239, 240, 344-348; X, 328; XI, 68; XII, 65, 185, 189-190, 313-314, 344; XIII, 121, 367.

— quality — VI, 8, 11, 255-256.

See also: Lenin Enrolment.

— membership requirements — V, 337.

— mistakes — VI, 227, 228; VII, 350, 360-361; VIII, 71.

— mistakes of members — IX, 74-78 XI, 30, 33, 48-49.

— nationalism in — See: Nationalism in CPSU.

— nationalities in — See: Nationalities in CPSU.

— nationality policy — See: Nationality policy of CPSU and Soviet Government; RSDRP — nationality policy.

— nature — V, 375; VIII, 34-35, 36; X, 98-99; XI, 281f; XIII, 377.

— opportunism in — V, 98, 385-386; VI, 183-186, 269; XI, 284-286; XII, 8-9, 282, 286-287, 305.

— organization of — V, 375, 389-390; VI, 9, 23, 174-177, 349-350.

— overconfidence — XIII, 375-377.

— policy toward religion — X, 131-133. See also: Anti-religious propaganda.

— popularity in Soviet Union — X, 104-109; XIII, 378.

— press and publications — V, 203-204, 235; VI, 206, 217; VII, 389; XI, 32, 107-108; XII, 107, 316.

— circulation — VI, 206, 217. See also: Press in SU — circulation.

— in native languages — VI, 206.

See also: "Bednota"; "Bolshevik"; "Derevensky Kommunist"; "Izvestia"; "Kommunist"; "Krestyanskaya Gazeta"; "Pravda" (Part II).

— program — III, 30, 393n; IV, 237-238, 361-362, 428n, 429n, 445c, 446c, 458c; V, 4, 402n; IX, 130; XI, 103-104, 109, 110, 131.

— purges — V, 214, 297, 330, 368-369, 386; VI, 183-186, 213, 227-229; VII, 390; XII, 13, 312, 313, 374n, 377n; XIII, 368, 369, 390n.

— rank and file members — V, 363; XII, 65, 66.

— relations with bourgeoisie — V, 84.

— relations with foreign proletariat — See: Alliance of Russian and European proletariat; Proletariat, world — led by SU; October Revolution — role of foreign proletariat.

— relations with intelligentsia — VI, 19-20.

— relations with non-party members — IX, 175; X, 328-329; XII, 227; XIII, 68-69, 250-251.

— relations with other parties and organizations — IV, 304, 435n; V, 199-206; VI, 177-179; VIII, 36, 39-40. See also: Menshevik Party — after 1917; Socialist Revolutionary Party — after 1917.

— relations with proletariat — V, 198-206; VI, 19-20, 25, 172-173, 203, 226-227; VII, 209-211, 212-213, 214-215, 344-347; VIII, 40, 42-60, 79-82; X, 68, 315; XII, 185, 189, 308.

— relations with public (or "the masses") — V, 281-285, 287-290, 366-367; VI, 230, 169-170, 192-194, 237-238, 240; XI, 31-38 passim; XII, 65-66, 199, 209-211, 313, 344.

— relations with peasantry — See: Agrarian policy and attitude toward peasantry of CPSU and Soviet Government; Kulaks; Peasantry in SU; Peasantry, middle, in SU; Peasantry, poor, in SU.

— relations with trade unions — IV, 471c; VI, 193; VII, 236; VIII, 184; X, 103. See also: Trade union discussion in CPSU (1921); Trade unions in SU.

— relations with women — V, 202, 349-351, 420n; VI, 195-196, 211-212, 251; VII, 1-2, 246; XII, 227.

— relations with youth — VI, 19-20, 38, 222, 223, 226, 251-252, 405n; VII, 4-5; XI, 78-79. See also: Young Communist League.

— rules — V, 358; VI, 174; VIII, 213, 216; IX, 146-147; XIII, 395n.

— rural organizations — XI, 3, 13, 44; XII, 36; XIII, 216-233, 250-251. See also: —local agencies.

— schools — See: Education in SU — political.

— strategy — V, 62-87 passim, 101-112 passim, 160-180 passim, 179-180; VI, 150-168 passim; VII, 92-93.

— strength (1921) — V, 108.

— tactics — V, 62-87 passim, 88-100 passim, 101-112 passim, 160-180 passim; VI, 150-168 passim; VIII, 3; XI, 50-52.

— tasks (1920) — IV, 367; (1923) — V, 362-368; (1924) — VI. 210-219; (1925)

— VII, 254, 294-297, 338-342; (1926) — VIII, 147-148, 233; (1930) — XII, 324-338.

— unity — V, 220-222, 235, 404n; VI, v, 2, 22-23, 24, 40-41, 47, 181-186, 210, 232-233, 253, 257; VIII, 145-146, 224-225, 231-233, 296, 354; IX, 60, 147, 148-149, 388, 389-391, 402n; X, 78-84, 260, 264, 346-347, 366-367; XI, 282, 283-284; XII, 2,7, 316, 342, 372; XIII, 34, 347-348, 381.

— vigilance and preparedness — XI, 67-70.

— withering away — VI, 181.

— women in — VI, 195, 202, 212.

See also: — relations with women.

CPSU​

— committees and organs (in general)

— factory committees — V, 364.

— gubernia committees — V, 215-217; VI, 203-204.

— oblast committees — V, 218; VI, 203-204.

— uyezd committees — V, 217-218, 235; VI, 204.

CPSU​

— committees and organs (names) (Note: City and gubernia, or oblast, Party organizations, committees and conferences are all listed under the place name without distinction unless exact title specifically stated.)

— Baku — IV, 417n; V, 420n; VI, 421c.

— Barnaul Okrug organization — XI, 356n, 370c.

— Biisk Okrug organization — XI, 356n, 370c.

— Caucasian Bureau — V, 407n-408n.

— Donets Gubernia Committee — IV, 301.

— Ivanovo-Voznesensk Oblast Committee — XII, 112.

— Kharkov — IV, 434n; VIII, 392c.

— Kursk — VII, 416c; VIII, 67, 272.

— Irkutsk Okrug Committee — XI, 135.

— Leningrad — VI, 421c; VII, 257-258, 348, 379, 380, 385-386, 388-389, 402n, 405n, 408c, 418c; VIII, 13, 72-73, 116, 144-145, 378n, 389c, 391c, 394c, 398c; IX, 376c; X, 395c; XI, 197, 369c, 377c; XII, 231; XIII, 407c, 417c. See also: — Petrograd.

— Moscow — IV, 316-318; V, 422c; VI, 421c; VII, 25, 90, 257-258, 388, 389, 395n, 402n, 407c, 418c; VIII, 72-73, 269, 270, 378n, 379n; IX, v, 155, 368n, 375c, 377c; X, 252, 373, 387n, 393c, 394c, 395c; XI, 27, 113, 222, 236-238, 241, 288, 289, 308, 361, 371c, 374c, 375c; XII, 101, 392c; XIII, 407c, 412c, 417c.

— Nizhny Novgorod — VII, 416c; XI, 370c.

— North Caucasus Krai Committee — XI, 365n.

— Omsk — XI, 356n, 370c, 371c.

— Petrograd — IV, 38, 446c, 475c; VI, 327, 328.

— Rubtsovsk — XI, 356n, 370c.

— Siberian Krai Committee — XI, 356n, 369c.

— Smolensk Gubernia Committee — XI, 372c.

— Stalingrad Gubernia Committee — XI, 371c.

— Tiflis — V, 426c; VII, 416c; VIII, 397c.

— Transcaucasian Krai Committee — V, 234.

— Tula Gubernia Committee — XI, 372c.

— Ural Oblast organization — XIII, 10, 384n.

— Vladimir Gubernia Committee — XI, 372c.

— Yaroslavl Gubernia Committee — XI, 372c.

For mentions of committees and organizations prior to October, 1917, See: RSDRP — committees and organs, RSDRP(b) — committees and organs.

CPSU​

— conferences

— Ninth (Sept., 1920) — IV, 475c.

— Tenth (May, 1921) — XII, 324.

— Twelfth (Aug., 1922) — V, 432c-433c.

— Thirteenth (Jan., 1924) — VI, 1, 3-45, 221, 225, 232, 233, 402n, 403n, 417c-418c; VIII, 386n; X, 265.

— "Bulletin of the Thirteenth Party Conference" — VI, 3.

— resolutions — VI, 220-225, 402n, 407n, 409n, 413n, 417c; VIII, 386n; IX, 145, 364n, 367n.

— Fourteenth (April, 1925) — VII, 90-132, 185, 186, 324, 332, 356, 357, 375-376, 382, 397n, 412c, 413c; VIII, 63, 72, 246, 268, 269, 270, 271; 273, 321, 323, 324, 378n; IX, 122; X, 77, 196, 381n.

— resolutions — VII, 90-91, 102, 121, 126, 156, 157, 330-331, 356-357; VIII, 63, 64, 65, 70-71, 72, 73, 266-269, 270, 272, 323, 324, 328, 340, 378n; IX, 24, 38, 122-126, 145, 364n; X, 71, 78, 197, 381n.

— Fifteenth (Nov., 1926) — VIII, v, 212, 214, 226, 232, 234-356, 385n-386n, 387n, 398c, 399c, 400c; IX, 29, 38, 43, 58, 59, 60, 61, 88, 89, 90, 92, 104, 108, 119, 364n; X, 382n.

— resolutions — VIII, 385n; IX, v, 16, 60, 61, 362n, 364n; X, 71, 382n.

— Sixteenth (April, 1929) — XII, 107, 109, 179, 180, 285, 374n, 377n-378n, 387c; XIII, 20.

— resolutions and appeals — XII, 109, 179, 314, 377n-378n, 379n.

— Seventeenth (Jan.-Feb., 1932 — XIII, 349, 350, 398n-399n, 406c, 407c.

— resolutions — XIII, 399n, 407c.

For conferences prior to the eighth see: RSDRP — conferences; RSDRP(b) — conferences.

CPSU​

— congresses

— Seventh (March 6-8, 1918) — IV, 428n, 445c, 446c; VI, 57, 253-254, 256; X, 265.

— Eighth (March 18-23, 1919) — III, 30, 393n-394n; IV, 249, 428n, 429n-430n, 458c, 459c; V, 6, 236, 402n-403n, 414n, 417n; VI, 250; VII, 327, 373; VIII, 347; IX, 217-218; X, 41-43, 257; XI, 47, 103, 104, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 359n, 360n; XII, 64, 166; XIII, 397n.

— resolutions — XI, 104, 110, 111-112, 126.

— "Stenographic Report" — XI, 104, 106, 111, 112.

— Ninth (March-April, 1920) — IV, 303, 433n, 434n-435n, 470c, 471c; V, 363n, 385n, 402n.

— resolutions — V, 4.

— Tenth (March 8-16, 1921) — V, v, vi, 15, 31-49, 188, 236, 272, 306, 334, 357, 359, 372, 373, 378, 379, 391, 404n, 423c, 424c; VI, 7, 29, 35, 232, 254; VIII, 50, 53, 293, 383n, 385n; IX, 177, 363n, 364n, 368n; X, 83, 160, 161, 162, 163, 182, 186, 265, 307, 363, 382n, 391n; XI, 316; XII, 366.

— resolutions — V, 372, 378, 416n; VI, 24, 40-41, 183, 224, 402n, 407n; X, 83-84, 179, 180, 182, 186, 382n.

— "Stenographic Report" — V, 31; X, 182.

— Eleventh (March-April, 1922) — V, 200, 210, 211, 214, 288, 357, 369, 372, 373, 378, 430c-431c; VI, 7, 217, 242, 258, 312, 418c; VII, 401n; VIII, 60; IX, 158; X, 161, 163, 323; XI, 129, 166-167, 174; XII, 166, 306.

— resolutions — V, 372, 378.

— Twelfth (April 17-25, 1923) — V, v, vi, 181, 195-280, 293, 300, 313, 357, 359, 369, 373, 378, 390, 415n, 416n-417n, 420n, 437c, 438c; VI, 7, 193, 201, 202, 203, 204, 258; VII, 377, 386; IX, 65, X, 163, 174, 380n.

— preparations for — V, 223.

— resolutions — V, 313f, 372, 378, 416n-417n.

— "Stenographic Report of the Twelfth Party Congress" — V, 195.

— Thirteenth (May, 1924) — VI, 189-233, 204, 234-260, 407n, 408n, 410n, 421c, 422c, 423c; VII, 8, 9, 261, 313, 344, 347, 399n, 401n; VIII, 12, 294, 386n; IX, 364n; X, 173, 174, 175.

— composition of — VI, 205.

— resolutions — VI, 234-260 passim, 413n, 426c; VIII, 237, 294, 295.

— Fourteenth (Dec. 1925) — VII, v, 238, 259-391, 402n, 416c, 418c, 419c; VIII, v, 12, 64, 67, 71, 73, 75, 81, 89, 90, 95, 119, 144, 146, 148, 220, 234, 270, 272, 273; IX, 60, 66, 67, 149, 204, 220; X, 64, 71, 74, 78, 196, 254, 265, 274, 291, 346, 381n, 389n; XI, 91, 120, 121, 122, 123, 272, 273, 360n; XII, 179, 342.

— resolutions — VIII, 81-82, 90, 104, 145, 212, 239, 391c; IX, v; XII, 179, 181.

— Fifteenth (Dec., 1927) — VIII, 385n; IX, 363n, 371n; X, v, 176, 191, 217, 253, 254, 269-371, 376n, 384n, 387n, 388n, 393c, 395c, 396c; XI, v, 9, 28, 29, 30, 41, 49, 89, 91, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 130, 195, 223, 272, 277, 313, 314, 356n-357n; XII, 166, 179, 180, 181, 182, 231, 235, 262, 263, 279, 280, 285, 312, 342, 344; XIII, 347, 397n-398n.

— resolutions — X, 388n; XI, 9, 15, 116, 120, 121, 122, 124, 225, 272, 314, 367n; XII, 180, 181, 231, 279, 379n.

— Sixteenth (June-July, 1930) — XII, 235, 342, 344, 372, 380n-381n, 392c, 393c; XIII, viii, 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 282, 347, 382n-383n, 400c.

— Seventeenth (Jan.-Feb., 1934) — XIII, 282, 381, 395n-396n, 417c, 418c.

— resolutions — XIII, 396n.

For the First to Fifth Congresses See: RSDRP—congresses; for the Sixth, See: RSDRP(b)—congresses — Sixth.

Communist Party of Turkestan​

— V, 429c.

Communist Party of Turkmenia​

— First Congress — VII, 407c.

Communist Party of Ukraine​

— IV, 294, 434n, 435n.

— Central Committee — IV, 301, 433n, 454c, 475c; V, 338; VI, 426c; VIII, 150, 392c.

— leadership — VIII, 150, 153-154.

— Politburo of Central Committee — VIII, 149, 150, 154, 394c.

— Secretariat — VIII, 150, 154.

— conferences — Fourth (March, 1920) — IV, 294-304, 433n, 435n, 470c, 471c.

— congresses — Second — IV, 454c.

Communist Party of Uzbekistan​

— First Congress — VII, 407c.

Communist Youth International​

— VIII, 395c; XI, 359n.

— Executive Committee — VII, 401n; XI, 363n; XII, 375n, 376n.

Competition, economic​

— IX, 102.

Competition, socialist​

— XII, vi, 13, 108-111, 112-113, 119, 314-315, 329, 354, 355, 377n-378n; XIII, 32, 213, 265, 368, 382n.

— opposition to — XII, 109, 314.

Complaint Bureau​

— XIII, 135-136, 388n-389n.

Compreadors in China​

— IX, 223, 245-246, 371n.

Compromise​

— I, 9; III, 212; IV, 85; IX, 4.

— during revolution — VI, 166-168, 384-386.

Concessions, economic (in general)​

— VII, 305.

Concessions, economic, in Russia​

— VIII, 123-124.

Concessions, economic, in Soviet Union​

— V, 109, 126, 139, 296, 412n-413n; VII, 196-197, 240, 290; IX, 33, 70, 76-77; X, 124; XII, 28-29, 384n; XIII, 336, 363.

Concessions, foreign, in China​

— VIII, 362; IX, 201.

Concessions Committee (Soviet)​

— IX, 135.

Conciliation, class​

— See: Class conciliation.

Confederation​

— V, 335-336, 340-341.

Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT)​

— VIII, 105.

Conference for Defense (called by Soviet CEC, Petrograd, Aug. 7, 1917)​

— IV, 143, 421n.

Conference of Managers of Socialist Industry, First All-Union (Moscow, Jan.-Feb., 1931)​

— XIII, 29, 384n-385n, 402n.

Conference of Marxian Students of the Agrarian Question​

— XII, 141, 134, 378n, 390c; XIII, 384n.

Conference of Proletarian Students, First All-Union​

— VII, 85-89, 397n, 412c.

Conference of Soviets, First All-Russian​

— See: Soviets in 1917 — Conference.

Conflict, class​

— See: Class conflict.

Congress of Collective Farm Shock Workers, First All-Union​

— XIII, 236, 393n, 412c.

Congress of Commerce and Industry, Second All-Russian​

— III, 188.

Congress of Communist Organizations of Peoples of the East​

— First — IV, 279-280.

— Second — IV, 279-280, 432n-433n, 466c.

Congress of Moslem Communists, First​

— IV, 173, 422n, 454c. See also: Moslems in CPSU.

Congress of Mountain Women, First​

— V, 60, 405n-406n, 426c.

— "Bulletin of..." — V, 61.

Congress of Peasant Correspondents, First All-Union​

— VII, 409c.

Congress of Peoples of the East, First​

— IV, 393, 438n-439n.

— Council of Action and Propaganda — IV, 379; V, 56; VIII, 405n.

Congress of Soviets​

— First All-Russian (June, 1917) — III, 89, 158, 159, 196, 222, 352, 378, 397n, 407n, 408n, 414c, 415c, 416c; IV, 426n.

— Second All-Russian (October, 1917) — III, 389, 408n, 411n, 423c; IV, 241, 383, 391, 426n, 441c; V, 69; VI, 341, 347, 416n; VII, 338.

— role in October Revolution — IV, 135, 152, 154, 317, 383; VI, 346.

— Third All-Russian (Jan., 1918) — IV, v, 30-37, 49, 68, 69, 75, 85, 416n, 418n, 445c; VIII, 387n.

— Fourth All-Russian (March, 1918) — IV, 77, 446c, 447c.

— Sixth All-Russian (Nov., 1918) — IV, 454c; XI, 101-102.

— Seventh All-Russian (Dec., 1919) — IV, 302, 434n, 467c.

— resolutions — IV, 434n.

— Eighth All-Russian (Dec., 1920) — IV, 478c; V, 12; VII, 114; XI, 254; XII, 347, 386n.

— "Plan for the Electrification of the RSFSR. Report by State Electrification Commission to the Eighth Congress of Soviets" — V, 50-51, 405n.

— Ninth All-Russian (Dec., 1921) — V, 428c, 429c; XI, 165.

— "Resolutions of the Ninth Congress of Soviets" — XI, 165.

— Tenth All-Russian (Dec., 1922) — V, 144, 145, 412n, 435c; VII, 403n.

— Eleventh All-Russian (Jan., 1924) — VI, 418c, 419c.

— Twelfth All-Russian (May, 1925) — VII, 412c-413c.

— Thirteenth All-Russian (April, 1927) — IX, 377c, 378c.

— Fifteenth All-Russian (March, 1931) — XIII, 402c.

Congress of Soviets of USSR​

— IV, 32, 33, 71, 80; V, 277, 295, 324, 325; XII, 284.

— composition and powers — V, 397a-398a.

— First (Dec., 1922) — V, vi, 154, 156, 340, 341, 411n, 412n, 413n, 414n, 434c-436c.

— Second (Jan.-Feb., 1924) — VI, vi, 46, 404n, 418n-420n.

— Presidium — VI, 420c.

— resolutions — VI, 404n.

— Third (May, 1925) — VII, 185, 186, 398n, 399n, 413c.

— Fourth (April, 1927) — IX, 378c.

— Fifth (May, 1929) — XII, 270, 384n, 383c.

— Sixth (March, 1931) — XIII, 402c, 403c.

Congress of Trade Unions​

— See: Trade Unions in SU — congresses.

Congress of Working Women and Peasant Women, First All-Russian​

— V, 349, 351, 420n, 440c; XI, 244, 365n.

Consciousness—determination of​

— I, 60, 310-320, 382, 384.

Consciousness, revolutionary​

— I, 199, 212.

Consciousness, socialist​

— I, 106, 162-163, 170-172, 314-316, 404n-405n.

Conservative Party (British)​

— VIII, 158-159, 160-167 passim; IX, 324, 325-327, 329; X, 390n; XIII, 280, 390n.

Conspiracy​

— in Soviet State — I, 406n.

Constituent Assembly in France​

— See: Revolution of 1848 in France — Constituent Assembly.

Constituent assembly in Russia (proposals before 1917)​

— I, 79-80, 133, 139, 152, 156-158, 176-177, 183-184, 189-192, 195, 207; II, 15, 45, 79, 180, 181.

— Menshevik view — I, 176-177, 183-184; II, 6-7, 8, 14-15, 56.

Constituent Assembly (1917-1918)​

— III, 34, 35, 36, 61, 180, 259, 347-358, 365, 378, 379, 388, 390, 402n, 408n, 421c; IV, 35, 137-142, 241, 243, 244, 317, 391, 442c; V, 177; VI, 391-393; IX, 271, 355-356; X, 97, 116, 338, 341.

— activity of delegates — IV, 138.

— dissolution — IV, 313, 385; VI, 355, 391-393; IX, 356.

— elections — III, 149-155, 358-359, 401n, 403n, 421c.

— need for — III, 14-15.

— postponement — III, 34, 193-194, 238, 324, 348, 356-357, 358-360, 383.

— prospects for — III, 95.

Constituent congresses in Soviet Union​

— IV, 76-78.

Constitution​

— nature — VII, 69-70.

Constitution, democratic​

— I, 31.

Constitution of Russia​

— See: Constitutions, proposed (for R).

Constitution of RSFSR​

— IV, 33, 77, 79-80, 85-86, 418n, 447c, 448c.

Constitution of USSR of 1924​

— V, 295, 314, 325, 340, 419n, 434c, 437c, 438c, 439c, 440c; VI, 404n; VII, 183, 185, 398n-399n; XII, 260.

— amendments — V, 335.

Constitution of USSR of 1936​

— V, 411n.

Constitutional Democratic (Cadet) Party​

— 1905-1906 — I, 179, 212, 251, 258, 259, 261, 263, 268, 405n, 406n.

— 1907-1912 — II, 4-8, 14-19, 23-26, 73, 75, 78, 79, 81, 143, 191, 192, 194-196, 227, 228, 230, 238, 241, 242, 246-247, 261, 262-265, 279, 280, 281, 282-283, 377n, 379n, 380n, 383n, 397n; IV, 312; VI, 125, 129, 162, 384-385.

— activity in 1917 — III, 67, 72, 73-74, 79, 92, 93, 94, 95, 100, 105, 106, 110, 112, 116, 118, 119, 121, 128-129, 130-133, 134-136, 137, 140, 146-148, 149, 157, 172-173, 174-176, 184, 203, 214-216, 233, 244, 254. 257, 261-265, 268-270, 275-278, 279-285, 291, 293, 305-308, 321, 343-344, 354, 361-362, 376, 401n, 402n; V, 68; VI, 131, 156, 388. See also: Party of People's Freedom.

— after 1917 — IX, 54-56, 70, 71-74; XII, 56; XIII, 44, 108.

— Central Committee — III, 112, 113, 114, 119, 344, 365.

— formation — I, 179.

— membership — I, 179; III, 69.

— Menshevik cooperation with — II, 7-8, 10-11, 13, 15-19, 20-21, 26, 33, 35-37, 39-40, 56-57, 58, 67, 378n-379n.

— opposition to Revolution — II, 5, 16, 62.

— policies and program — I, 179-184, 406n; II, 15-16, 25, 227-228, 262-265. For policies in 1917, see: Constitutional Democratic Party — activity in 1917.

— publications — See: "Parus"; "Rech"; "Russkiye Vedomosti".

— relations with RSDRP — I, 275-276.

See also: "Cadet" Ministry; Constitutions, proposed (for R) — draft by "Cadet" Party; "Defensists"; Duma, Second — "Cadet" tactics; Duma, Third — "Cadet" fraction in; Party of People's Freedom

Constitutional monarchy​

— See: Monarchy, constitutional.

Constitutions​

— types — I, 31.

Constitutions, proposed (for Russia)​

— II, 191-192, 194-195.

— adoption by minorities — I, 45.

— draft by "Cadet" Party (1905) — I, 180.

— "The Fundamental State Law of the Russian Empire, Draft of a Russian Constitution" (1904) — I, 77, 400n.

Consumer cooperatives​

— See: Cooperatives, consumer.

Consumer goods in Soviet Union​

— demand — VIII, 120.

— supply (and shortage) — VIII, 290; X, 309-310; XI, 210, 266-267; XIII, 59, 182.

See also: Industry in SU (types) — light.

Contact Committee (of Petrograd Soviet in 1917)​

— V, 176, 415n; VI, 333, 415n.

Continual revolution​

— See: Revolution, continual.

Contradictions in Soviet Union​

— V, 108; VII, 110, 207-208, 349; IX, 138; X, 330-331; XIII, 20-22. See also: Class struggle in SU.

Control figures (for 1927-28)​

— X, 292-294; XI, 246; (for 1928-29) — XI, 257, 268, 276, 367n; (for 1929-30) — XII, 385n, 389c; XIII, 383n; (for 1931) — XIII, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 385n.

Cooperatives​

— functions — I, 347-348.

— limitations — I, 348.

— nature — VIII, 33-34, 35.

— relations with RSDRP — I, 349-350; II, 157-158, 186.

Cooperatives in Soviet Union​

— V, 125, 200-201; VI, 137, 193-194, 210-211, 378; VII, 116, 136, 255, 336-337; VIII, 69-70, 85-89, 261; IX, 23, 34, 118-119, 156; X, 96, 311.

— employees — VI, 198.

— membership — V, 200-201; VI, 193-194.

— role of Party — V, 201; VI, 193-194.

Note: Most entries under the specific types of cooperatives listed below also apply to the Soviet Union.

Cooperatives, agricultural​

— V, 200, 201; VI, 132, 135-137, 193, 211, 217, 250, 251, 259; VII, 81-82, 125, 157, 212; VIII, 34, 77; X, 306, 307; XI, 121; XII, 67, 231. See also: Collective farms.

Cooperatives, consumer​

— I, 51; II, 136, 393n; V, 200-201; VI, 193, 211, 251, 259, 260, 420c; VII, 81-82, 125, 312; X, 306; XII, 329; XIII, 404c.

— defects — XII, 297-298.

Cooperatives, credit​

— VI, 246-247, 251, 259, 260; VII, 81-82, 125, 157.

Cooperatives, producer​

— I, 51; V, 298; VII, 125. See also: Industry in SU — cooperative.

Cooperatives, rural​

— V, 322-323; VII, 128, 339-340; VIII, 77, 79, 81-82, 288, 291; X, 222-225; XI, 89, 90, 163, 181, 194; XII, 130, 131.

Cooperatives, trade​

— XIII, 202, 343.

Cossacks in Soviet Union​

— IV, 17, 399-407; XI, 331.